Significance of Particular
Synonyms: Specific, Individual, Special, Unique, Certain, Precise, Definite
In Spanish: Particular; In Dutch: Bijzonder; In Finnish: Erityistä; In German: Besondere; In French: Particulier; In Swedish: Särskild; In Malay: Khususnya; In Portugese: Especial; In Italian: Particolare; In Polish: Konkretny
The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.
Buddhist concept of 'Particular'
In Buddhism, "Particular" refers to uniquely identifiable entities, specific mental factors linked to certain consciousness types, or individual instances embodying distinct characteristics within broader categories. These include six mental properties known as pakinnaka.
From: Tattvasangraha [with commentary]
(1) A particular is characterized solely by its distinctness; apprehension of it must envisage this distinct form, otherwise, it would not be apprehended as separate from other particulars.[1] (2) The term 'Particular' refers to the specifics of Universals like 'Being', and these particulars embrace categories like Substance, Quality, and Action, which are key to defining the thing under dispute.[2] (3) The particulars are the specific elements that appear during the second moment and are helpful as the cause of the effect at the third moment.[3] (4) Aspects of an entity that are apprehended by exclusive notions are regarded as particular, highlighting their distinct and unique characteristics.[4] (5) Something has a two-fold character, and one can fix upon Unity or Diversity, as he likes; it can be cognized with the General.[5]
From: Patthanuddesa Dipani
(1) Six particulars are included within the thirty-eight mental properties that combine with the eight moral classes of kama-consciousness.[6] (2) Six mental properties defined as pakinnaka that include initial application, sustained application, deciding, effort, pleasurable interest, and desire-to-do.[7]
From: A Manual of Abhidhamma
(1) All of these are found in the first immoral type of consciousness, along with the seven universals.[8] (2) Particulars are excluded from the combination in the two types of fivefold sense-consciousness, influencing the overall grouping.[9] (3) These six mental states are termed Particulars.[10] (4) Mental states that have specific links to certain types of consciousness as opposed to general states.[11]
From: Cetasikas
(1) Mental factors that do not accompany all mental states but can be present in unskillful ones.[12] (2) The Particulars are six types of cetasikas which can arise with cittas of four jatis, but which do not accompany each citta, as described in the text.[13] (3) Particulars are specific mental factors that do not arise with every citta but instead with those of the four jatis, like chanda, viriya, and adhimokkha.[14]
From: Visuddhimagga (the pah of purification)
(1) Aspects such as hand, foot, smile, laughter, talk, looking ahead, looking aside, etc., which particularize defilements, making them manifest; one should not apprehend these.[15]
From: The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King (A Life of Buddha)
(1) A specific characteristic or quality, suggesting that the Fo-pen-hing-king does not share significant features with the Buddhacarita-kavya.[16]
Hindu concept of 'Particular'
In Hinduism, "Particular" signifies specific instances, details, or elements distinct from the universal. Knowledge of particulars binds one to them, while ignorance leads to liberation. It is adaptable to details and word meanings.
From: Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari
(1) When a word, due to variations in form or substratum, refers to this specific aspect at the time of connection with another word, its status as expressive of a general characteristic is questioned.[17] (2) No particular is meant when rajan is used in the sense of king in general, thus avoiding comparison based on difference.[18] (3) The particular, identified as dravya, is presented as another potential eternal meaning of individual words when their meanings are abstracted from a sentence. This particular represents a specific instance or substratum.[19] (4) This is not eternal, and if it is identical to the universal, questions arise about how causes can work keeping it in view.[20] (5) These are denoted by the stem of the word and are instrumental in the existence of the substance as parts, connecting it with actions.[21]
From: Harivamsha Purana
(1) These are the specific details of the trial, that the participants, such as boys, youths, old men, strong men or weak men, should be informed about.[22]
From: Yoga Vasistha [English], Volume 1-4
(1) The knowledge of particulars only binds you to them, whereas ignorance of them leads to your liberation; therefore, remain in your state of tranquility and nescience.[23]
From: Taittiriya Upanishad Bhashya Vartika
(1) A particular, or vishesha, is one type of cognition that is obtained through the modification of the internal organ.[24]
From: Brahma Sutras (Shankaracharya)
(1) These are the specific details mentioned in different passages, and the text discusses whether they should be combined or kept separate when considering the unity of vidyas.[25]
From: Yoga-sutras (with Vyasa and Vachaspati Mishra)
(1) This refers to the objects that the essential cognition focuses on, which is why it is different from verbal and inferential cognitions, which deal with other types of objects.[26]
From: Padarthadharmasamgraha and Nyayakandali
(1) A specific instance or individual entity, as opposed to a general concept.[27]
Jain concept of 'Particular'
In Jainism, "Particular" relates to infatuation. The text suggests a connection between general concepts and specific instances, implying that broad principles of infatuation apply to individual cases.
From: Tattvartha Sutra (with commentary)
(1) This also implies the general meaning of infatuation, and what is mentioned in general applies to the particular also, according to the text.[28]
The concept of Particular in local and regional sources
In Indian philosophy, "Particular" denotes specific, observed elements examined to find generalized forms. Vedantic thought considers it the individual, limited aspect of existence contrasted with the universal.
From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda
(1) These are the detailed pieces of information that the recipient had already conveyed to the sender through a previous written communication.[29] (2) It is described as simply a repetition in a minute form of the universal, reflecting the same principles.[30] (3) This refers to the specific, individual, and limited aspect of existence, especially in relation to the universal, as discussed in the context of the Vedantic ideas.[31] (4) The particulars are the individual, specific things in the world that are observed, which Indian philosophy examines in order to find the generalized forms that include them.[32]
Classical concept of 'Particular'
From: The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle
(1) It is the ultimate things with which understanding and judgement are concerned, and it is essential for practical wisdom to know these facts.[33] (2) These are recognized by practical wisdom, as practice is concerned with them. Experience is more important than knowledge when dealing with these, for example light meats.[34]