Significance of Nirvana
Nirvana, in Buddhism, represents the ultimate spiritual goal, signifying liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara) and the cessation of suffering. Achieving Nirvana means attaining freedom from worldly desires and mental complexities, ultimately leading to peace and enlightenment. This concept is central to various spiritual traditions, guiding practitioners toward ending suffering and realizing their true nature. Nirvana is described as a transcendent state free from attachment and ignorance, marking the culmination of one's spiritual journey.
Synonyms: Paradise, Ecstasy, Tranquility, Liberation, Enlightenment, Ultimate happiness, Heavenly state, Peace, Transcendence
The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.
Buddhist concept of 'Nirvana'
Nirvana in Buddhism represents the ultimate goal of liberation from suffering and the cycle of birth and death, characterized by profound peace, enlightenment, and the cessation of desire, which all beings strive to attain.
From: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra
(1) A state of liberation from the cycle of birth and death, which some bodhisattvas aspire to achieve temporarily.[1] (2) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from cycles of birth and death; associated with the Buddha's final exit from the world.[2] (3) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering that is attained through the consistent practice of pure morality.[3] (4) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering that is often the goal of Buddhist practice and intentions behind gifts.[4] (5) The ultimate state of liberation in Buddhism, frequently discussed in the context of the significance of vision and realization as articulated in various Buddhist texts.[5]
From: Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra
(1) A state of ultimate liberation and freedom from suffering and the cycle of birth and death, often associated with enlightenment.[6] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and bliss, free from suffering and the cycle of birth and death, aspired to by the Bodhisattva.[7] (3) A state of ultimate bliss and liberation from suffering that contrasts with the created existence of suffering.[8] (4) The ultimate goal of Buddhism, characterized by the cessation of suffering and the realization of the true nature of existence.[9] (5) The ultimate state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of birth, wherein one attains peace and enlightenment.[10]
From: Mahavastu (great story)
(1) The ultimate goal of spiritual practice, representing the cessation of suffering and rebirth, achieved through the understanding of dharma.[11] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and enlightenment in Buddhism, which monks strive to achieve through their practice.[12] (3) The ultimate state of liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth, characterized by the cessation of suffering and desires.[13] (4) The ultimate state of liberation from the cycles of rebirth, characterized by peace and absence of suffering.[14] (5) The state of ultimate liberation and freedom from suffering, which the Bodhisattva seeks to attain.[15]
From: Lankavatara Sutra
(1) A transcendent state free from suffering and individual existence, often seen as the ultimate goal in Buddhism.[16] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering and the cyclical nature of existence.[17] (3) A state of liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and death (samsara), not seen as the ultimate goal of the Buddha's teachings.[18] (4) An ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, which Bodhisattvas choose not to enter to assist others.[19] (5) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from suffering and the cycle of birth and death.[20]
From: Lotus Sutra (Saddharma-Pundarika)
(1) The state of ultimate peace and freedom from suffering, achieved by the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.[21] (2) The state of liberation and freedom from suffering and the cycle of birth and rebirth, which beings strive to reach.[22] (3) The ultimate state of liberation and peace, free from the cycle of rebirth and suffering, attainable through comprehensive understanding.[23] (4) A state of liberation and cessation of suffering that Purna and the other disciples initially misunderstood as their ultimate goal.[24] (5) The state of liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara), representing the ultimate goal in Buddhism, characterized by the extinction of desire and suffering.[25]
From: Shurangama Sutra (with commentary) (English)
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering as taught in Buddhism, achievable through the right practices.[26] (2) The state attained by the Buddha, representing the ultimate goal of enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of rebirth.[27] (3) A state of liberation and transcendence from the cycles of suffering, which cultivators are encouraged to realize.[28] (4) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and death, characterized by the absence of suffering and ignorance.[29] (5) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from suffering and the cycle of birth and death.[30]
From: Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva Purvapranidhana Sutra
(1) The ultimate state of liberation from the cycle of birth and death in Buddhism, signifying the end of suffering.[31] (2) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and suffering.[32] (3) The ultimate blissful state free from suffering, birth, and death, representing the goal of Buddhist practice.[33] (4) The ultimate goal in Buddhism representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death, which the Buddha indicates is near.[34] (5) The ultimate liberation from the cycle of suffering and rebirth, which practitioners aspire to attain through spiritual practice.[35]
From: The gods of northern Buddhism
(1) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, representing a state of liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth.[36] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and rebirth, a central concept in Buddhist philosophy.[37] (3) The ultimate goal in Buddhism representing liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.[38] (4) A state of perfect blessedness and liberation from the cycle of rebirths, contrasted with the concept of Sansara.[39] (5) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara) and the end of suffering.[40]
From: Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva (Sutra of the Great Vow)
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and joy, free from worldly suffering, that individuals may reach through devotion.[41] (2) A state of ultimate liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth, exemplified by the Buddha's attainment.[42] (3) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death.[43] (4) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering, the ultimate goal in Buddhism.[44] (5) The state of liberation from the cycle of birth and death, which the Buddha aims to guide beings toward.[45]
From: Karandavyuha Sutra
(1) The ultimate goal in both sects of Buddhism, representing liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth, although interpreted differently.[46] (2) The ultimate goal of Hinayana Buddhism, representing a state of quietude, eternal peace, and liberation from suffering.[47] (3) A state of liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara), representing the ultimate goal of Buddhist practice.[48] (4) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, signifying liberation from samsara and suffering.[49]
From: Lotus Sutra
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, which all beings strive to attain.[50] (2) The ultimate state of liberation from the cycle of birth and death, characterized by the cessation of suffering and desire.[51] (3) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, signifying liberation from suffering and the cyclical nature of existence.[52] (4) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering that the Tathagata helps sentient beings to achieve.[53]
From: The 6th Patriarch Platform Sutra
(1) A state of ultimate liberation and enlightenment that is to be realized beyond physical existence.[54] (2) The state of perfect rest and cessation of changes, often misunderstood as annihilation.[55] (3) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara).[56] (4) A state of ultimate liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and rebirth in Buddhism.[57]
From: Mulamadhyamaka-karika (English)
(1) A transcendent state free from suffering and individual existence, significant in Buddhist teaching.[58] (2) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from suffering, the cycle of samsara, and realization of true existence.[59] (3) The state described as freedom from suffering, which is contrasted against samsara.[60] (4) The ultimate state of liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth.[61]
From: Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and death.[62] (2) The ultimate goal in Buddhism signifying liberation from the cyclic existence of birth and death.[63] (3) The condition of extinction of existence and suffering; it represents ultimate liberation that should be attained by all living beings.[64]
From: Buddhacarita
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, achieved through realizing the truths taught by the Buddha.[65] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and happiness in Buddhism, defined as the cessation of suffering and the end of the cycle of rebirth.[66]
From: The Sutra of Queen Śrīmālā of the Lion’s Roar
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering and the cycle of birth and death in Buddhism.[67] (2) Nirvana is the ultimate state of liberation from suffering, which can be experienced in two forms: conditioned and unconditioned.[68]
From: Bodhisattvacharyavatara
(1) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing a state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of birth and rebirth.[69] (2) The ultimate state of liberation from the cycles of samsara and the cessation of suffering.[70]
From: Ksitigarbha Bodhisattva fundamental vow sutra
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering and samsara in Buddhist philosophy.[71] (2) A transcendent state in Buddhism signifying liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth.[72]
From: Abhidharmakośa
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and death, characterized by the absence of desires and suffering.[73] (2) Nirvana is the state of ultimate liberation.[74]
From: Vimalakirti Sutra
(1) Liberation from samsara, a state in which all passions are extinguished and the highest wisdom attained.[75]
From: Jataka tales [English], Volume 1-6
(1) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism that signifies liberation from cyclic existence and suffering.[76] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering in Buddhist philosophy.[77] (3) A transcendent state free from suffering and individual existence, which the Bodhisatta seeks through his ascetic life.[78] (4) The ultimate state of liberation and blessedness that can be attained by following the teachings of the Buddha.[79] (5) The ultimate, everlasting state of liberation from suffering, emphasized as the true goal compared to transient worldly desires.[80]
From: Introducing Buddhist Abhidhamma
(1) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, signifying liberation from the cycle of birth and death (samsara) and the cessation of suffering.[81] (2) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing the cessation of suffering and the end of the cycle of birth and death.[82] (3) The ultimate goal of Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death and the cessation of suffering.[83] (4) The highest goal in Buddhism, representing ultimate freedom and liberation from the cycle of rebirths and suffering.[84] (5) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.[85]
From: Vinaya (2): The Mahavagga
(1) The state of ultimate liberation and freedom from suffering, achieved through the realization of the truth.[86] (2) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing the cessation of suffering and the end of the cycle of rebirth.[87] (3) The ultimate state of cessation of suffering, the goal of Buddhist practice, which Sariputta claims to have attained.[88] (4) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death and the cessation of suffering.[89] (5) The ultimate state of peace and liberation in Buddhism, described as the cessation of suffering and attachment.[90]
From: Milindapanha (questions of King Milinda)
(1) A transcendent state representing the ultimate liberation from the cycle of birth and suffering, devoid of any cause or impermanence.[91] (2) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth.[92] (3) The ultimate goal in Buddhism; a state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of birth and death.[93] (4) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering and the cycle of birth, old age, and death; the ultimate goal in Buddhism.[94]
From: Dhammapada (translated from the Pali)
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering as shown by the Buddha.[95] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering as taught in Buddhism.[96]
From: The Catu-Bhanavara-Pali (critical study)
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, considered the goal of Buddhist practice.[97]
From: Dhammapada (Illustrated)
(1) The ultimate spiritual state defined as the complete cessation of craving, detachment from desire, and the absolute that transcends conditioned existence.[98]
From: Blue Annals (deb-ther sngon-po)
(1) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering and the cycle of birth and death in Buddhism.[99] (2) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering, which the subject sought to achieve.[100] (3) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, mentioned in relation to the death of dam pa.[101] (4) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering that the protagonist aimed to attain, marking the end goal of Buddhist practice.[102] (5) The state of liberation and freedom from suffering to which practitioners aspire.[103]
From: Tattvasangraha [with commentary]
(1) A state that is characterized by the absence of absolute finality, according to certain interpretations of Buddhist doctrine.[104] (2) A state of liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and rebirth that Disciples aim to achieve.[105]
From: The Six Yogas of Naropa
(1) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, representing the end of suffering and the clinging of ego, attained through spiritual practice.[106]
From: The Fo-Sho-Hing-Tsan-King (A Life of Buddha)
(1) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, signifying liberation from the cycles of birth and suffering.[107] (2) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycles of birth and rebirth.[108] (3) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, signifying liberation from the cycle of birth and death and the cessation of suffering.[109] (4) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death, which Buddha is about to enter.[110]
From: The Great Chariot
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, which is the goal of following the teachings of the Dharma.[111] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and peace, free from suffering, achieved by eliminating all mental complexities.[112] (3) The ultimate truth or state of being that is not deceptive and represents freedom from ignorance.[113]
Hindu concept of 'Nirvana'
In Hinduism, Nirvana signifies ultimate liberation from the cycles of birth and death, characterized by the cessation of individual ego, desires, and suffering, ultimately achieving a harmonious state of absorption into the divine reality.
From: Laghu-yoga-vasistha
(1) A state of ultimate bliss and freedom from suffering, often associated with enlightenment.[114] (2) The state of ultimate liberation and freedom from the cycles of birth and rebirth.[115] (3) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, ignorance, and the cycles of birth and rebirth.[116] (4) The ultimate state of liberation, characterized by the cessation of suffering and realization of non-duality.[117] (5) The ultimate state of liberation and bliss achieved when one is free from worldly attachments.[118]
From: Skanda Purana
(1) A state of ultimate liberation or enlightenment within specific spiritual contexts, often related to the cessation of suffering.[119] (2) The ultimate state of spiritual liberation and cessation of suffering, achievable through devotion and proper conduct.[120] (3) A state of liberation used in conjunction with the city of Kashi, indicating the ultimate goal of spiritual practices.[121] (4) The spiritual liberation or salvation that one can attain through devotion and the sanctity of places like Kashi.[122]
From: Devi Bhagavata Purana
(1) The state of liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth in Hindu belief, achievable through righteous deeds.[123] (2) The highest spiritual achievement or state of liberation that one can attain, referenced in connection to the city of Benares.[124] (3) The ultimate liberation or spiritual state achievable through completion of one’s desires and karmic cycles.[125]
From: Bhagavata Purana
(1) The ultimate state of liberation and bliss that one can reach by overcoming ignorance and attachment.[126] (2) The state of perfect serenity and bliss achieved through intensive meditation and devotion.[127] (3) A state of liberation and enlightenment achieved when one transcends the gunas and releases attachment.[128]
From: Bhagavad-gita-rahasya (or Karma-yoga Shastra)
(1) The state of liberation from the cycle of birth and death, signifying the realization of one's identity with the Brahman.[129] (2) The ultimate state of liberation in Buddhism, representing the cessation of desire and suffering.[130]
From: Yoga Vasistha [English], Volume 1-4
(1) The state of extinction where the individual soul is assimilated to the divine mind, characterized by the absence of individual ego and suffering.[131]
From: Padma Purana
(1) A state of liberation and release from attachments and worldly sorrows.[132]
From: Anugita (English translation)
(1) A term for the ultimate goal of liberation often discussed in the context of Buddhism, but also referenced within the Anugita.[133]
From: Thirty minor Upanishads
(1) A state of liberation or release from the cycle of birth and death; the exposition of this concept is elaborated in the text.[134] (2) The ultimate state of liberation and enlightenment, which is the goal of spiritual practice according to the teachings of the Vedas.[135] (3) A state of liberation or spiritual enlightenment; represents the ultimate goal of existence beyond suffering and duality.[136]
From: Kathopanishad (Madhva commentary)
(1) A state of liberation or total freedom that transcends individual consciousness beyond death.[137]
From: Prasthanatrayi Swaminarayan Bhashyam (Study)
(1) A term that refers to entering into a state of immutability and non-becoming, often associated with liberation and enlightenment in Indian religions.[138]
From: Vivekachudamani
(1) A state of liberation from the cycle of birth and death, referred to as 'blown out,' symbolizing the extinguishing of desires and suffering.[139]
From: Varahi Tantra (English Study)
(1) The state of liberation or release from the cycle of birth and death, associated with the blessings of Candayogeshvari.[140] (2) A state of liberation and bliss that can be achieved through the worship of the divine in the described traditions.[141] (3) A Tantra included in the Sarvollasa's list of significant Tantras.[142] (4) The path or state of liberation that the Varahi Tantra aims to guide practitioners towards, aligning with nondualistic principles.[143]
From: Shakti and Shakta
(1) The state of perfect experience and unity with divinity, contrasting with limited experience in the material world, known as Samsara.[144] (2) An important concept synonymous with liberation in many Indian religions, representing the highest spiritual goal.[145]
From: Yoga-sutras (Ancient and Modern Interpretations)
(1) The state of enlightenment attained during life, marking a significant spiritual awakening.[146] (2) In Buddhist literature, Nirvana is the state of enlightenment and liberation, often interpreted as 'blown out' in relation to the extinguishing of desires and illusions.[147] (3) A state defined by the absence of causes for bondage and the release from past actions.[148]
From: Yoga-sutras (with Bhoja’s Rajamartanda)
(1) A central concept in Buddhism representing liberation from the cycle of birth, death, and suffering, often achieved through meditation and ascetic practices.[149]
From: Shat-cakra-nirupana (the six bodily centres)
(1) A state of spiritual liberation or enlightenment, often represented in spiritual texts and metaphors.[150]
From: Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary)
(1) freedom from material distress in the annihilation of individual existence[151] (2) The extinction of the self, sometimes referred to in the context of achieving ultimate liberation or sayujya liberation.[152] (3) Impersonal liberation; a state of relief from suffering in material existence which neophyte devotees may aspire to.[153]
From: Dvisahasri of Tembesvami (Summary and Study)
(1) The state attained by H.H. Tembesvami at the time of his passing, signifying his union with the Supreme Reality.[154] (2) The day commemorating the passing of H. H. Yogananda Sarasvati, celebrated by devotees.[155]
From: History of Indian Medicine (and Ayurveda)
(1) A state of liberation in Buddhism that coincided with the historical and medical context Caraka operated in.[156]
From: Sivaprakasam (Study in Bondage and Liberation)
(1) A state of liberation and eternal bliss attained through spiritual practices.[157]
Jain concept of 'Nirvana'
Nirvana in Jainism signifies the ultimate liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and death. It represents a transcendent state devoid of suffering, achieved through spiritual practices and characterized by deep meditation, particularly attained by Tirthankaras like Mahavira.
From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra
(1) A state of enlightenment or liberation that Suvidhi Svamin achieved, measured in sagaropamas.[158] (2) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering, often achieved through spiritual practices.[159] (3) A state of spiritual liberation or emancipation characterized by the absence of suffering and the cycle of rebirth.[160] (4) Emancipation or liberation from the cycle of birth and death, central to the beliefs shared by the characters.[161] (5) A state of liberation or release from the cycle of rebirth and suffering, significant to spiritual traditions.[162]
From: Uttaradhyayana Sutra
(1) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering, representing the ultimate goal in certain spiritual traditions.[163] (2) The ultimate state of spiritual liberation and freedom from pain, characterized as difficult to attain but the refuge for all beings.[164] (3) A pivotal concept in Jainism and Buddhism referring to the liberation of the soul from the cycle of birth and death.[165] (4) The ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, pursued by ascetics like Balashri.[166] (5) A state of liberation and freedom from suffering that a monk aspires to reach.[167]
From: Sutrakritanga (English translation)
(1) The ultimate goal of liberation from the cycle of birth and death, represented by the white lotus flying up.[168] (2) A state of ultimate peace and liberation from suffering, achieved through the cessation of harming living beings.[169] (3) A state of ultimate peace and liberation from the cycle of samsara, characterized by the cessation of suffering.[170] (4) A transcendent state in which there is no suffering, desire, or sense of self, often considered the ultimate goal in various spiritual traditions.[171] (5) Nirvana is the ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering, which encompasses the entirety of carefulness in one's conduct.[172]
From: Yogadrstisamuccaya of Haribhadra Suri (Study)
(1) The state of liberation, as interpreted by various philosophical schools.[173] (2) A key Buddhist term signifying the ultimate state of liberation where all miseries are destroyed, and the soul is free from karmic influences.[174] (3) The final liberation from the cycle of birth and death attained by Tirthankaras, celebrated as the fifth auspicious event.[175]
From: Acaranga-sutra
(1) The ultimate goal of liberation from the cycle of birth and death, characterized by the cessation of suffering and desires.[176] (2) The ultimate spiritual goal in Jainism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death, which Mahavira achieved through deep meditation.[177]
From: Kalpa-sutra (Lives of the Jinas)
(1) The state of ultimate liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and death, attained by Mahavira after Rishabha.[178]
The concept of Nirvana in local and regional sources
Nirvana, in Buddhism, signifies the ultimate spiritual goal of liberation from suffering and the cycle of birth and rebirth, marking a state of enlightenment achieved by key figures like the Buddha, embodying freedom from desires and cycles of existence.
From: Triveni Journal
(1) A significant concept in Buddhism representing the ultimate state of liberation and freedom from suffering.[179] (2) A state of spiritual awakening and liberation that prince Siddhartha aspired to achieve in his transformation into the Buddha.[180] (3) A state of complete negation of selfhood and relations to the world, often associated with the Buddhist concept of enlightenment and extinction of identity.[181] (4) A state of liberation and ultimate peace in Buddhist philosophy, represented by the Buddha as a culmination of the evolutionary journey.[182] (5) A state of liberation achieved through understanding the nature of existence and overcoming the cycles of birth and death.[183]
From: Tibet (Myth, Religion and History)
(1) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing liberation from the cycle of birth and death.[184] (2) A state described in the discussed stanzas regarding where Buddha would pass into Nirvana on earth.[185]
From: Formal Education System in Ancient India
(1) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, representing the liberation from the cycle of birth and death, attained through disciplined practice and education.[186]
From: Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang)
(1) The state of ultimate liberation and cessation of suffering that the Buddha attained, which profoundly influences the teachings in Magadha.[187] (2) A state of liberation and freedom from the cycle of birth and death, sought after in Buddhist practice.[188] (3) A state of ultimate spiritual enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of rebirth in Buddhism, recently commemorated by a reclining figure of Buddha.[189] (4) The ultimate goal in Buddhism, representing freedom from the cycle of birth and rebirth, mentioned in the context of the Buddha's teachings.[190] (5) The state of ultimate enlightenment or liberation from the cycle of birth and death, associated with the Buddha's teachings.[191]
From: The travels of Fa-Hian (400 A.D.)
(1) The state achieved by Krakuchchhanda Buddha, representing the ultimate goal in Buddhism, marked by specific locations with towers.[192] (2) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism, representing liberation and enlightenment that the Lord of the World attained.[193] (3) The ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism attained by individuals such as the Buddha and the Arhats, signifying liberation from suffering.[194] (4) A state of liberation and enlightenment that is a central concept in Buddhism, which was entered by various figures including Angulimalya.[195] (5) The ultimate state of liberation achieved by Buddha, marking the end of suffering and existence.[196]