Significance of King
Synonyms: Ruler, Monarch, Sovereign, Emperor, Lord, Chief, Leader, Potentate, Regent, Prince
In Malay: Raja; In Italian: Ra; In French: Roi; In Portugese: Rei; In Dutch: Koning; In Finnish: Kuningas; In Spanish: Rey; In German: König; In Swedish: Kung; In Polish: Król
The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.
Buddhist concept of 'King'
In Buddhism, "King" represents diverse roles: powerful ruler, moral exemplar, compassionate leader, participant in religious events, and a figure in philosophical dialogues. Some kings renounce power, while others act cruelly, illustrating varied paths and consequences.
From: Jataka tales [English], Volume 1-6
(1) The king, reigning in Benares, ordered carpenters to find a sound pillar for his dwelling, leading them to choose the Wishing Tree in the pleasaunce, which was home to the Tree-sprite.[1] (2) A ruler who supports the Master, facilitating miracle by proclaiming and seeking guidance, learning the importance of virtues and non-violence from a stag.[2] (3) A ruler who took a fancy to the bird, and taking with him garlands, perfumes and unguents, went looking for the Great Being; and with him he caused to go all manner of musick.[3] (4) The king is Brahmadatta of Benares, who is known for being excessively talkative, prompting the Bodhisatta to find an opportunity to advise him on the importance of moderation in speech.[4] (5) The king, impressed by the crow's sacrifice and good qualities, honored him and listened to his teachings, changing his own behavior.[5]
From: Dhammapada (Illustrated)
(1) He is a person who recognized the potential of a laborer and played a role in restoring his wealth and status.[6] (2) He is a character who intervened when the sun did not rise, asking one of the ascetics to apologize, demonstrating the role of authority in resolving conflicts and maintaining order.[7] (3) This is the person who heard what had happened and ordered the farmer to be put to death.[8] (4) This refers to a person holding a position of power, as mentioned in the text.[9] (5) This is the ruler who witnessed the brahmin's actions, provided rewards, and commented on the brahmin's actions.[10]
From: Mahavamsa
(1) The king took counsel with his sons after learning about Citta's pregnancy and made decisions regarding her fate.[11] (2) A monarch who fell sick and requested his brother to complete the work on the thupa; he also performed many meritorious deeds.[12] (3) A person who heard that the thera had gone thither and followed hard after him.[13] (4) The king sent a letter and money to the prince, telling him to keep possession of the land on the further shore.[14] (5) The king built also the Manihira-vihara and founded three viharas, destroying temples of the gods, as described in the text.[15]
From: Milindapanha (questions of King Milinda)
(1) The king engages in dialogue with Nagasena, seeking clarification on the causes of earthquakes and the extraordinary event associated with Vessantara's generosity.[16] (2) The king is a character who engages in conversations and asks questions about rebirth, wisdom, and the nature of sensations.[17] (3) The king is the person who is having a conversation with the Elder, and is also the one who had a Wihara built and handed it over to Nagasena, the Elder.[18] (4) The individual who initially poses the questions, such as whether it is possible to distinguish elements that have run together, and also requests specific flavors.[19] (5) This term refers to a ruler, and their role is used in the text to create analogies for the concepts being discussed.[20]
From: Maha Buddhavamsa—The Great Chronicle of Buddhas
(1) This is the ruler whose laws can lead to punishment for those who commit crimes due to a lack of moral virtue.[21] (2) King Bimbisara had each muslin piece appraised and found all of them to be of inestimably high value. He had four of them offered to the Buddha and kept the other four in his palace.[22] (3) The King is the ruler before whom the Rich Man discoursed on astronomical readings, leading to the prediction of the famine and the Rich Man's subsequent preparations.[23] (4) The person who directed the arrow at his eldest son, and after the prince was safe, gave his daughter to Kanha.[24] (5) This refers to King Ananda, who invited the Buddha for meals and made grand offerings to him and his company of monks, as stated in the text.[25]
From: Vinaya Pitaka (1): Bhikkhu-vibhanga (the analysis of Monks’ rules)
(1) The king is a central figure in the text, interacting with the lord, the lay follower, and the venerable Ananda, and is associated with the women's apartments and the sleeping-room.[26] (2) A character who sits on a high seat and learns a mantra; his actions are scrutinized for their righteousness.[27]
From: Vinaya Pitaka (3): Khandhaka
(1) The king is mentioned in the text as part of the large company that was around the Lord, and he was also the father of Prince Ajatasattu.[28]
From: A Discourse on Paticcasamuppada
(1) It refers to the ruler of Magadha, first Bimbisara and then Ajatasattu after killing his father.[29]
From: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra
(1) The king proclaimed an edict forbidding ungrateful people from living in his kingdom after hearing about the bear and the man's betrayal.[30] (2) The king is an example of someone who has great loving-kindness and compassion, and because of his actions, he is given these epithets.[31] (3) This is who sent someone.[32] (4) The king is a ruler of the land, such as the king of Bandhumati or the king of Benares, who interacted with the Buddha and also played a role in Nanda's journey.[33] (5) This is a term referring to the father of Rahula, as mentioned in the text.[34]
From: Mahavastu (great story)
(1) The king, upon hearing that his palace was robbed, orders his ministers to find the thieves, which eventually leads to the wrongful arrest and sentencing of Vajrasena.[35] (2) He is distressed to learn his son is not skilled in the arts and organizes a tournament to showcase his son's abilities.[36] (3) A royal figure involved in a game and interacting with other characters.[37] (4) A ruler who was virtuous, mighty, kind to his servants, liberal, charitable, powerful, wealthy, and possessing a great army, as described in the provided narrative.[38] (5) This is the father of the prince, who attempts to shield the prince from unpleasant experiences and who gives orders to the harem and ministers.[39]
From: Bodhisattvacharyavatara
(1) This person is tamed by an individual in one part of the narrative; there is also a phrase that could allude to a country threatening this person or a person named 'Macala'.[40] (2) Just as a crown prince is honored because he will become king, by honoring a bodhisattva we honor someone who will eventually become a buddha.[41] (3) This is identified as the all-ground, because this becomes the support or ground of various habitual patterns, and the Udanavarga states that one should destroy the king to become pure in nature.[42]
From: Mahayana Mahaparinirvana Sutra
(1) The king committed killing and had to suffer. The text questions his innocence and karmic results.[43] (2) Due to you, the land is at peace and the people are doing well.[44] (3) This term is used to describe King Ajatasatru, and it is associated with his repentance, aspiration to Bodhi, and the realization of the non-eternal nature of existence.[45]
From: The Perfection Of Wisdom In Eight Thousand Lines
(1) He is able to concentrate on ruling properly when the ministers are doing their jobs properly, as stated in the text.[46] (2) This person is the father of the prince, who gives him little authority and resources, but is generous and a giver of wealth, desiring the welfare of others, and will be established as a kind ruler when he has been given the crown.[47]
From: Lotus Sutra (Saddharma-Pundarika)
(1) This is the person who the poor man thinks he has fallen in with, and who is present in the assembly with the rich man.[48]
From: Shurangama Sutra (with commentary) (English)
(1) This is the faithful follower of the Buddha who invited the Buddha to accept a vegetarian offering, during which time the Bodhisattva served by leveling the road.[49]
From: Apadana commentary (Atthakatha)
(1) A ruler who, after observing the silent buddhas, questioned them about their nature, tested their virtue with offerings, and ultimately abdicated his sovereignty to pursue a similar path of spiritual development.[50] (2) The one who was informed about the matter, and the ministers let him know thus, according to the text.[51] (3) The king said: “I am not your king,” and so on.[52] (4) This individual requested the silent buddhas to take their seats, and also requested them to preach the religious discourse, showing his interest in learning.[53] (5) This is the authority that Sumedha informed, and the drum was beaten round all over the city.[54]
From: Hualin International Journal of Buddhist Studies
(1) The king refers to the king of Gaochang, who sent Huisong to Northern China, and later killed three generations of his family, showing that Qu Jian might not have been a devout Buddhist.[55] (2) This is the person who gives the order to kill baby Cyrus, according to the text.[56] (3) The king is part of the large crowd that participated in the ceremony and offered flowers and incense when the tooth relic was transported to Abhayagiri in a grand procession.[57] (4) This is a figure in the middle scene, who is accompanied by an attendant on one side but a Bodhisatva displaying a body nimbus on the other, who is obviously giving assistance to a person.[58]
From: Blue Annals (deb-ther sngon-po)
(1) The ruler who consecrated the Kanishka-caitya, gave alms, and performed meritorious acts to benefit the Doctrine of the Blessed One.[59] (2) A ruler of a country who questioned the siddhas about listening to the preaching of a sinner, but later repented and was filled with faith.[60]
From: Tattvasangraha [with commentary]
(1) It is a specific instance used to demonstrate how connections with names are established through various means, regardless of resemblance.[61]
Hindu concept of 'King'
In Hinduism, "King" denotes a ruler responsible for protecting subjects, dispensing justice, and upholding sacred law. They hold authority, make decisions with ministers, and ensure their subjects' well-being. The term also refers to specific royal figures within narratives.
From: Mahabharata (English)
(1) The term "king" is used to address Duryodhana, emphasizing his position of power and responsibility, and the need for him to make wise decisions for the sake of his kingdom and people.[62] (2) The king is a ruler who has obtained victory through Krishna's grace, with his foes slain and his kingdom recovered, indicating Krishna's influence.[63] (3) The king is Yudhishthira, whose armour and robes were torn off, and who is entrusted to Satyaki and Dhrishtadyumna.[64] (4) King has a duty to his kingdom and subjects, with wealth being essential for upholding this role and ensuring prosperity and religious observance.[65] (5) The king, referring to Yayati, finds himself in a difficult situation as his relationships with Devayani and Sarmishtha lead to anger, curses, and moral dilemmas.[66]
From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Griffith)
(1) Janak is the king who rules the land of fertile Mithila and has planned a noble sacrifice, and the Gods gave the wondrous bow to the king, highlighting his royal status.[67] (2) King is the role Rama is entitled to, and Lakshmana is determined to ensure Rama becomes the rightful king, despite obstacles and challenges, with Lakshmana vowing to fight anyone who prevents Rama from becoming king.[68] (3) The king, deeply saddened by the loss of his son, has passed away, creating a void in leadership and stability within the kingdom.[69] (4) The king, also known as Ravan, enlisted Maricha’s help and was pleased with his consent, showing a determination to carry out a specific task, which involves a lady.[70] (5) This is a person who must be attended to with watchful care.[71]
From: Ramayana of Valmiki (Shastri)
(1) The king, Dasaratha, is reluctant to allow his son, Shri Rama, to contend with the rakshasas because he believes Rama is too young and inexperienced for such a dangerous encounter.[72] (2) The King has a brother, whose intentions were imparted to Dhaneshwara, prompting a battle and a violent clash of troops as turbulent as the sea.[73] (3) It is used as a term of endearment and reverence by the grieving women, expressing their deep loss and dependence on the fallen leader.[74] (4) The king rooted in unrighteousness and unjust to his friends who have rendered assistance is an object of opprobrium, which is a demonstration of disgrace.[75] (5) The narrative revolves around a king named Nimi, who is central to the events of the story, especially regarding the sacrifice and the subsequent curse.[76]
From: Devi Bhagavata Purana
(1) A ruler who seeks a son to continue lineage and attain salvation, facing anxieties and seeking divine intervention for fulfillment.[77] (2) The King, Harishcandra, is determined to fulfill his promise of Dakshina, even if it means selling his family and himself into servitude.[78] (3) A person who was greatly astonished to see Narada dip in the tank in a female figure and get up from the tank in a male figure, and who lamented the loss of his wife.[79] (4) The King, also known as Harishcandra, experiences a dramatic fall from royalty to servitude, facing immense suffering and moral dilemmas throughout the narrative.[80] (5) The King is married to Queen Madhavi, and due to circumstances, he sold his wife and son; he expresses great distress over the situation.[81]
From: Markandeya Purana
(1) The kings mentioned are the seven valiant sons of Manu, including Caitra and Kimpurusha, who served as guardians of the earth during the Svarocisha Manvantara.[82] (2) These rulers engaged in a conflict, demonstrating their power and influence through military action and strategic decision-making during the intense armed confrontation.[83] (3) These are rulers or leaders who are part of the lineages and stories associated with different periods, and their tales bring favor and blessings.[84] (4) The king is a central role in the narrative, with both Marutta and Avikshit holding this position, and they must balance righteousness, justice, protection of subjects, and adherence to dharma.[85] (5) An individual who should cause the ceremony to be performed by a member of his own family when all relatives are wanting.[86]
From: Vishnu Purana
(1) He is displeased by his son's teachings and orders his cooks to poison him, revealing his extreme reaction to perceived disobedience and his willingness to resort to drastic measures.[87] (2) King is the person to whom the rules for the performance of obsequial rites are being explained, as mentioned in the text.[88] (3) These are the rulers who are expected to reign in future periods according to the text.[89] (4) The text describes the actions of the king.[90] (5) The king, Pururavas, rose and took his sword to pursue the robbers, but the Gandharvas caused a flash of lightning, and Urvashi saw him undressed.[91]
From: Harivamsha Purana
(1) The term king is used to address the listener of the narration, indicating their royal status and position of authority.[92] (2) It is a person who left for the forest and, before that, instructed Satyavrata to live as a probationer for twelve years, adhering to specific vows.[93] (3) Kings, described as the foremost of men, enjoy their sixth portion and do not fear one another, highlighting their position and relative security.[94] (4) Kings, including Jarasandha, Shisupala, Dantavakra, the Pandavas, the sons of Dhritarashtra, the Malava and Tangana kings, Rukshmi, Ahvriti, Neela, Narmada, Vinda, Anuvinda, Avantya, Shalya and Shakuni, were invited by Brahmadatta to the sacrificial ground.[95] (5) The kings were present at the Swayamvara, and some were involved in the game of dice, leading to conflict and violence in the narrative.[96]
From: Yoga Vasistha [English], Volume 1-4
(1) The text describes a companion speaking to the king and showing the dalliance of the lady, who can see how the traveller appeases his angry mate.[97] (2) As long as one does not approach the presence of the king, one cannot fail to serve the minister.[98] (3) This individual continued to speak, describing the events and circumstances, offering insights into the setting and the prevailing hardships.[99] (4) This is who the subjects prayed to.[100] (5) This refers to the ruler, who is lauded with acclamations, and is also the husband of Lila.[101]
From: Garuda Purana
(1) The woman, who has the marks of a goad, circle and discus on her palm, gives birth to a son and obtains this as her husband, according to the text.[102] (2) This is a ruler, and the period of uncleanness related to the death of one's king is one day only, according to the provided text.[103] (3) The ruler who is involved in the sacrificial rites and performs ceremonial actions.[104]
From: Laghu-yoga-vasistha
(1) The thought of the king is described as the reason for the new Lila to be molded unto her present form like the old Lila, making her not different from the old Lila like her shadow.[105] (2) He chanced to go to the forest along with his just minister and was tested by Karkati.[106] (3) He was to hear the words of the Muni without interruption, and, in the full belief that they will conduce to his welfare, as in the attitude of an ignorant child that hears the words of its father who is solicitous of its well-being, according to the text.[107]
From: Bhagavad-gita-mahatmya
(1) The king, identified as King Khadgabahu, witnessed the events involving the mad elephant and the brahmana, and sought spiritual instruction.[108] (2) The king invited Pingala to live in the palace, and Pingala gained more intimacy with the king, enjoying a position that led to degradation into a sinful life.[109]
From: Bhagavad-gita Mahatmya
(1) The king, Candrasharman, observed the brahmana reciting the ninth chapter of the Gita and inquired about how he overcame the calamity caused by the candalas.[110] (2) This is the central figure in the story, who is involved in various events, including acquiring the horse and seeking spiritual guidance.[111]
From: Gautami Mahatmya
(1) He was called Pracinabarhish and he ruled over his kingdom for three and a half crores of years.[112] (2) Medicinal herbs requested a king from Brahma, who promised them a husband that would heighten their pleasure.[113]
From: Brihaddharma Purana (abridged)
(1) Vena's father, who was deeply disturbed by Vena's actions and chose to leave his kingdom.[114]
From: Manusmriti with the Commentary of Medhatithi
(1) An authority figure responsible for protecting helpless women's property from relatives and ensuring justice within the kingdom.[115] (2) The 'king' is referenced as the authority who imposes a fine of six hundred on individuals who forsake their relatives without justification, emphasizing the legal consequences of such actions.[116] (3) A figure of authority is responsible for making a decision based on the evidence presented by the witnesses in order to resolve the dispute.[117] (4) Kings are mentioned as examples of individuals who either perished due to a lack of discipline or obtained kingdoms through discipline, illustrating the importance of self-regulation for rulers.[118] (5) A ruler, along with assistants, holds the responsibility of safeguarding and ensuring the welfare of the population, as highlighted in the explanation.[119]
From: Apastamba Dharma-sutra
(1) If a guest comes to a king, the king shall have his Purohita honour him more than himself, emphasizing the importance of showing great respect to guests, even for those in positions of power.[120] (2) A thief shall go to the king with flying hair, carrying a club on his shoulder, and tell him his deed. He (the king) shall give him a blow with that (club), as the text details.[121] (3) A ruler who provides land and resources to Brahmanas, based on their merits, potentially resulting in rewards that are endless and without limitation, while also being responsible for upholding justice.[122] (4) The ruler who has the authority to punish individuals based on their actions.[123]
From: Gautama Dharmasutra
(1) A king is mentioned in the context of a father who assassinates a king, which is a reason for being cast off, according to the text.[124] (2) Calumnies which will reach the king are considered equal to mortal sins, showing the significance of truthful and accurate information.[125] (3) The ruling authority responsible for upholding the sacred law and ensuring the wellbeing of his subjects.[126]
From: Vasistha Dharmasutra
(1) The king is a person for whom a Snataka must yield right of way when they encounter each other, according to the text.[127] (2) The individual who is responsible for punishing those who offend and for providing a weapon for self-punishment, according to the text.[128] (3) A sovereign ruler who has the authority to govern and make decisions, often with the assistance of ministers.[129]
From: Baudhayana Dharmasutra
(1) The ultimate authority in inheriting property if no Sapindas or Sakulyas are available, illustrating the role of royal governance in civil matters.[130]
From: Paraskara-grihya-sutra
(1) This is one of the six people to whom the Arghya reception is due, indicating the high status of a ruler.[131]
From: Bharadvaja-srauta-sutra
(1) A ruler whose sacrificial rituals involve specific invocations in the Vedic context.[132]
From: Garga Samhita (English)
(1) The king is the speaker, initiating the dialogue and seeking answers from the sage regarding the events and circumstances described.[133] (2) These are the male rulers of independent states, holding supreme authority and often associated with power and sovereignty.[134] (3) Addressed as "king" (nripa), the recipient of the narration is being informed about the events that transpired, setting the stage for the verse's description.[135] (4) Addressed as nripa, the king is a figure of authority and leadership, often the recipient of respect, supplication, or important messages within the narrative.[136] (5) The verse mentions a king, denoting a ruler or monarch, who holds supreme authority and power within a kingdom or territory, commanding respect.[137]
From: Chaitanya Bhagavata
(1) It refers to a royal status, with symbols and marks of authority adorning a divine being's physical form.[138] (2) The King, as mentioned in the provided translation, issues an order to ensure a specific person is not disturbed.[139] (3) A person who is approached for obtaining favors, according to the text, and someone that a sannyasi is prohibited from seeing and conversing with.[140] (4) An individual who is also a great devotee, uses opportunities to see the Lord, highlighting the intersection of royalty and devotion.[141] (5) Due to the influence of divine energy, this individual was initially unaware of a confidential truth. Later, after a dream, he became repentant and sought forgiveness for an offense.[142]
From: Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary)
(1) The king of that country was Shri Jagannatha’s chief servitor and would arrive for darshana of Shri Bhagavan on occasions of grand festivals, leading to elaborate arrangements.[143] (2) The exalted king was praised by Devarshi Shri Narada before the sage approached the celestial plane of Svarga.[144] (3) The king, as described, engages in devotional service to Shri Bhagavan, finding joy in performing nama-sankirtana alongside his family and attendants.[145] (4) The kings who belong to the warrior class are described as believing in the scriptures but also being naturally of a wicked nature, requiring protection from their potential misdeeds.[146] (5) An individual whose qualities are described as favorable for devotional service to Shri Krishna, possessing unlimited qualities beyond description.[147]
From: Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu
(1) O King, it is declared that chanting the auspicious Holy Name of Krishna eradicates countless sins, as described in the sacred text.[148] (2) Vashishtha spoke to the King while giving an example concerning devotion to the Lord.[149] (3) Their actions are replicated to enhance devotional sentiments and connection within preyo-rasa.[150] (4) A ruler who initially feels unqualified to be a friend of Krishna, showing humility in response to Krishna's jest.[151] (5) A title of respect and authority, addressing the listener in the context of the speech.[152]
From: Srila Gurudeva (The Supreme Treasure)
(1) This is the central figure in the narrative, who initially refuses to meet the saintly person, is later informed of his impending death, and ultimately seeks guidance.[153]
From: Tiruvaymoli (Thiruvaimozhi): English translation
(1) The one to whom all owe allegiance, and when he moves around, his loyal subjects greet him.[154]
From: Kathasaritsagara (the Ocean of Story)
(1) The king is a character who is asked to retrieve a corpse from a haunted location by a Yogi, and this king demonstrates bravery and is willing to follow instructions, even in the face of frightful circumstances.[155] (2) This person heard the complaint about the consumed animal and questioned the villagers, ultimately restoring the price of the animal to the plaintiff and fining the villagers.[156] (3) He was asked by the Vidyadharas who was to occupy half his throne, and to be anointed as queen consort during the coronation.[157] (4) A male ruler is portrayed in the Enfant Terrible story, where an adulterous king is rebuked by a child, leading to his moral transformation.[158] (5) A ruling monarch who became exceedingly discomposed upon learning of the disappearance of Avantivardhana's wife from the palace.[159]
From: Naishadha-charita of Shriharsha
(1) The king refers to Nala, who is ultimately chosen by Damayanti as her husband, distinguishing himself from the gods through mortal characteristics and earning divine blessings.[160]
From: Hayanaratna: The Jewel of Annual Astrology
(1) This figure can be associated with negative outcomes in the twelfth house, such as punishment or danger, particularly when the sun, Jupiter, or Saturn is in the twelfth house.[161] (2) The sun, moon and Saturn's subperiods during the Mercury period can bring danger from the king for an individual.[162] (3) This refers to a monarch or ruler, a person of authority and power. It signifies a connection to royalty or a position of governance.[163] (4) This represents a ruler or monarch, often associated with power and authority, whose favor or disfavor can influence various aspects of an individual's life, especially within the astrological context provided in the text.[164] (5) This refers to the ruler or monarch, and success in the king's hunt is associated with the strength of Mars and Mercury, which determines hunting success.[165]
From: Brihat Samhita
(1) This is a ruler whose fate is linked to the appearance of the halo around the sun; if the halo is above the sun, then the king will perish, according to the provided text.[166] (2) If the elephant is dragged away by a crocodile while in water, the king will face ruin; but if the elephant drags the crocodile to the bank, there will be prosperity for the individual.[167] (3) Individuals predicted to gain power based on favorable physical features which indicate strength and valor.[168] (4) Refers to the ruling class that is stated to suffer due to the thunderbolt's fall at sunrise.[169]
From: Kautilya Arthashastra
(1) The ruler who is the target of espionage and potential betrayal, whose favor is sought after, and whose decisions regarding land and requests can be manipulated by spies to incite conflict and undermine loyalty among his subjects and officers.[170] (2) A leader who should employ classmates as ministers because their honesty and capacity are personally known, according to one perspective.[171] (3) The text discusses how the king should be received by troops of women armed with bows and various attendants in different compartments, as well as precautions for personal safety.[172] (4) A ruler who should use remedies to protect himself and his army from poisons.[173] (5) King is the central figure, who is advised by the high priest, and followed by his people, highlighting the importance of leadership and guidance.[174]
From: Hitopadesha (English translation)
(1) A title assumed by a creature after its color changed, deceiving other animals into believing it was appointed by a deity, leading to a reign of arrogance and eventual downfall.[175] (2) The leader that Damanaka repaired to and addressed, disclosing a dreadful thing on mind regarding treason.[176] (3) This character objects that the Crow is such a gad-about.[177] (4) The King asks, "Who is this?"[178]
From: Shukra Niti by Shukracharya
(1) The king should conquer the enemy, realize revenue, gratify subjects, protect the people, appoint councillors, direct the Crown Prince and ministers, and be counselled by the priest.[179] (2) The leader of the state who is responsible for protecting the wealth of those who are ruined in business, and who should protect those who are rich and well-mannered.[180]
From: Chandogya Upanishad (english Translation)
(1) The king is a person who respectfully welcomed Gautama upon his arrival at the palace and later became depressed when asked to reveal his teachings.[181] (2) The king initiates the dialogue with Budila Ashvatarashvi about his worship and provides insights into the nature of the Self and its connection to wealth and health.[182] (3) A person who questions the son of Upamanyu about whom he worships as the Vaishvanara Self.[183] (4) The king asks Indradyumna Bhallaveya whom he worships as the Self in the text.[184] (5) The text describes a royal figure, who spoke to the other person, and indicated the significance of the other person coming to see him, lest his body be affected.[185]
From: Brahma Sutras (Shankaracharya)
(1) This refers to the individual who assigns intelligent people to guide travelers, providing an example of how conductors are appointed in ordinary life.[186] (2) The text provides an example where a king applies the word 'Self' to some servant who carries out all the king's intentions, which illustrates the figurative use of the word.[187]
From: Chandogya Upanishad (Shankara Bhashya)
(1) The King discomfited Shvetaketu with questions and was later visited by Gautama, who sought the same knowledge that the King had imparted.[188] (2) This is used as an analogy to illustrate how the word 'Self' is used, and it is a comparison to show how the Self can be indicated indirectly.[189]
From: Taittiriya Upanishad
(1) A term of authority and respect, used in the context of the dialogue to denote the importance of the self.[190]
From: Taittiriya Upanishad Bhashya Vartika
(1) This signifies the individual who holds the position of ruler, implying they are the ultimate authority and decision-maker in the specified domain or situation.[191]
From: Natyashastra (English)
(1) Apprehension has doubt as its basis, and it relates to women and persons of the inferior type, and is caused by Determinants such as theft, giving offence to the king and the like.[192] (2) Offending one’s superiors or the king contributes to the creation of the Terrible Sentiment, indicating the fear associated with these actions.[193] (3) This is a character who appears in the play Shakuntala, as described in the provided text.[194] (4) The king is among the key roles described in the NSh, illustrating the hierarchies and governance in the context of the Arthasastra.[195] (5) The ruler characterized by intelligence, good character, and mastery of various skills and policies.[196]
From: Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari
(1) The text uses the word 'king' as an example of a qualifier, specifically in the phrase 'the king’s kingdom'.[197] (2) This is identified as the agent in the phrase 'raja purusham bibharti', emphasizing their role in the action of supporting, in the context of the provided text.[198] (3) The primary subject who is associated with being befit by the umbrella.[199] (4) In the context, the king is described as someone who conducts himself in a manner befitting his royal status.[200] (5) the ruler in the context, whose status affects the meaning of 'son' in the sentence.[201]
From: Satapatha-brahmana
(1) After touching the lustral water, they strengthen this, and ghee is a thunderbolt, and Soma is seed, hence they strengthen the king after touching the lustral water, lest they should injure the seed, Soma, by the thunderbolt, the ghee.[202] (2) The king refers to the Soma, which is the central focus of the ritual, and it is picked, prepared, and measured out during the ceremony.[203] (3) The text mentions that the king rules over something, and the kingship is rendered free in relation to Agni, Soma, the Maruts, and Indra.[204] (4) A ruler achieved through the Rajasuya sacrifice, considered to have a lower status than an emperor.[205] (5) The central figure being anointed in the rituals described, representing authority and leadership.[206]
From: Vastu-shastra (Introduction to Indian architecture)
(1) These individuals are suited to live in temples—Prasadas, Vimanas, etc.[207] (2) The presiding authority at the court, possessing noble qualities and shrewd judgment, responsible for ensuring justice.[208]
From: Samarangana-sutradhara (Summary)
(1) The king and his family are accommodated within the palace, with chambers suited to their roles and the needs of his establishment.[209]
From: Manasara (English translation)
(1) In the houses of the Brahmans and the kings, the entrance door should be constructed on the left of the middle line across the length of the house.[210]
From: Tiruvacakam Part I
(1) O this, to wretched me, who know not any path, the Light Of joy ![211] (2) This term is used to refer to a divine entity, and is associated with devotion, praise, and is mentioned within the text provided.[212]
From: Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine
(1) Such quacks flourish and go about at large only at the connivance of the King (administrators), and the quote from Sushruta Samhita means quacks arise if the King is incapable.[213]
From: History of Indian Medicine (and Ayurveda)
(1) The kingdom shall be protected from fire, floods, pestilential diseases, famine, rats, tigers, serpents and demons.[214]
From: Parama Samhita (English translation)
(1) A king, or king’s officers of State, whose conduct falls short of good and who are served by bad people, may wish to gain consecration or initiation as a Vaishnava.[215] (2) Kings who institute the worship of the Lord of Gods in temples, according to prescribed rites, become overlords, showing their power and devotion.[216]
From: Bharadvaja-srauta-sutra
(1) This refers to a specific entity, likely Soma, which is the central element in this ritual, and is being prepared and handled throughout the process.[217]
From: Kamashastra Discourse (Life in Ancient India)
(1) The male figure in charge. The text mentions that the work, which the king’s wives have to do, should not be too fatiguing.[218]
Jain concept of 'King'
In Jainism, "King" denotes earthly power, authority, and decision-making, but also highlights potential pitfalls like pride. It signifies rulers, Indra, and even those renouncing power, central to narratives and moral lessons.
From: Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra
(1) These individuals, a thousand in number, were present when the Lord became a mendicant. They witnessed and were part of this significant event.[219] (2) The King is a figure of authority, as he sent jewels with his sons, except for the woman-jewel, implying his role in managing resources and making decisions for his family.[220] (3) The king is the individual who granted the mother's pregnancy-whim by providing garlands, demonstrating his power and his willingness to fulfill her unusual desire during her pregnancy.[221] (4) The king, specifically Samvara, possessed wealth that remained in his treasury, similar to a compassionate man's sword staying in its scabbard.[222] (5) The narrative mentions that four thousand kings, influenced by Nabhi’s son, transitioned to a life of mendicancy, embracing asceticism within the forest setting.[223]
From: Sutrakritanga (English translation)
(1) Symbolized as the big white lotus, representing ultimate authority and virtue among the lotuses in the pool.[224]
From: Bhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti)
(1) This term is used to describe Ishana, the Indra of the gods, indicating his position of authority and rule over the celestial beings discussed within the text.[225]
From: Naladiyar
(1) These are very glorious.[226]
From: Uttaradhyayana Sutra
(1) The text describes a king, such as Sanjaya, who initially indulges in activities like hunting but can later renounce his power and worldly possessions to follow a spiritual path.[227]
The concept of King in local and regional sources
"King" represents various rulers: inquiring figures, authority figures seeking marriage, reverent bhaktas, grieving fathers, and dispensers of justice. They face challenges like war, disputes, deceit, and loss, often testing others or being tested themselves, highlighting their authority.
From: Village Folk-tales of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), vol. 1-3
(1) The King is a significant figure who initiates the story by questioning whether a Queen can bear a child from the Jak fruit and later goes to war.[228] (2) A male monarch who rules over a city and interacts with various characters, including the Queen and a clever Monkey, within a narrative.[229] (3) A King ruled over a single city and had a son who was a Prince, with the story detailing the King's interactions with a Yaka and his decisions regarding his son.[230] (4) A female Louse resides in his bed, drinking his blood. His slumber is interrupted when a Bug bites him, leading to an order to clean the bed.[231] (5) A King is a male ruler of a country, as demonstrated by the narrative involving a King who had a son and received a letter from another country's King.[232]
From: Buddhist records of the Western world (Xuanzang)
(1) The country is ruled by a king who is identified as a Hi-su Turk, according to the details within this description.[233] (2) The king of Khotan was no believer in the law of Buddha, until a foreign merchantman brought a Bhikshu called Pi-lu-shan to the area.[234] (3) This person belongs to the Brahman caste, influencing the social and religious dynamics of the area.[235] (4) The king is a Kshattriya and belongs to the family of the Licchavas, establishing his social class and lineage within the ruling structure.[236] (5) The provided content references a king who, along with his ministers, was satisfied after a refutation, which led to the raising of a monument to honor extreme virtue.[237]
From: The travels of Fa-Hian (400 A.D.)
(1) A ruler who sends a guard to protect the place where a specific gem is found, and claims three out of every ten gems discovered.[238] (2) The ruler of this country who shows respect to the law of Buddha, indicating the influence of religious principles within the governance and the society.[239]
From: Bhaktavijaya: Stories of Indian Saints
(1) To Narsi Mehta's view, a king and his lowly citizens were alike, demonstrating his egalitarian perspective and lack of social hierarchy.[240] (2) The king is a figure of authority who received messengers and was presented with an offering, ultimately becoming angry and questioning the priests.[241] (3) The ruler of Vidyanagar, the king is depicted as generous, devout, and respectful, especially towards the Brahman, and engages in elaborate worship of the goddess.[242] (4) The King, Shivaji, is the main actor in this text, devising a plan to humbly offer grain to Tukoba after realizing Tukoba wouldn't accept a fortune.[243] (5) A ruler who questioned someone's charitable actions and later sought the consent of that person's sons to commit violence against their progenitor.[244]
From: Triveni Journal
(1) Is a person who was humorously said to have worn enough clothes for both himself and another individual during a particular meeting.[245] (2) The King is the abstract, most imperial lord, and Kautilya stands behind him, though the man is nought to Kautilya, who feels like he is on the road to vile decay.[246] (3) The KING possesses wide dominion and the earth obeys him, but he still seeks Him, the still and perfect One, the Sun, not rays.[247] (4) Identifies the individual who contacted Winston Churchill and forbade him from going to France on D-Day.[248] (5) This is a person who is initially annoyed by the flute music, orders punishment for the player, but later makes the boy the crown prince.[249]
From: The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda
(1) The king in the story that was inquiring of the Sannyasins about which is the greater man, and the king followed the Sannyasin to prove it.[250] (2) This is that we are sons of, not beggars.[251] (3) This is the ruler who drains the resources of his subjects, primarily the Vaishyas, to support his comforts and the priesthood.[252] (4) The king is a figure who is described as having forgotten he was a body and believed himself to be a spirit, seeking to impart wisdom to others.[253] (5) The king is a character in the story, and he possesses knowledge that is not known to the priests, and this knowledge is about what happens after death.[254]
From: History of Science in South Asia
(1) The king chooses the tree for the banner of Indra, and he should stay nearby with his ministers, and a mass of citizens, following the banner during the ceremony.[255] (2) This is the ruler.[256] (3) The king's interest in phanjika was not solely in the game itself, but rather in its ability to evoke emotion in the women who played it and as a pretext for intimate encounters.[257]
From: Folklore of the Santal Parganas
(1) A ruler who had two wives but initially had no son to inherit his kingdom, leading him to worship and make sacrifices.[258] (2) Another term for the Raja, who lays awake on the bedstead and hears the legs talking.[259]
From: Sanskrit Words In Southeast Asian Languages
(1) This word denotes a male ruler of a country or territory, a monarch, which is also referenced in the provided text.[260]
The concept of King in scientific sources
Based on regional sources, "King" signifies a status attributed to Dhu'l-Qarnayn. The Qur'an's accounts of his conquests are cited by most exegetes as the reason for this designation.
From: Religions Journal (MDPI)
(1) The text refers to the monarch, who had significant power and influence over both secular and ecclesiastical affairs, including the appointment of clergy and the resolution of disputes.[261] (2) This figure, the father of beate et venerabilis Oda cum vir prudens et providus esset, non modice est contristatus, dilectissimam sibi filiam cecitate esse correptam.[262] (3) The King is referenced in the text as initiating a sutra-copying project, which provided economic rewards and fulfilled political tasks for local sutra copiers in Dunhuang.[263] (4) It is used in reference to Darius, emphasizing greatness and dominion over lands, as well as in the context of Achaemenid rulers and their power.[264] (5) A status that the majority of exegetes affirm Dhu’l-Qarnayn was, based on the Qur’an’s declaration of his conquests.[265]
From: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (MDPI)
(1) A character in a storyline, often depicted as sick, prompting children to show empathy and concern, which helps in exploring perspective-taking and social interactions.[266]
Classical concept of 'King'
From: The History of Herodotus
(1) The king is referenced as the recipient of Mardonios' signals from Athens, highlighting the Persian command structure and Mardonios' desire to demonstrate his success.[267] (2) The king, presumed to be Xerxes, sent a message offering peace terms to the Athenians, including land restoration and temple rebuilding, contingent on them agreeing to a treaty.[268] (3) The king, Xerxes, was in a Phenician ship and was seized by a wind from the Strymon, and he asked the pilot whether there were any means of safety.[269] (4) A royal figure who was making decisions about the campaign and seeking counsel from various advisors.[270] (5) The king is Xerxes, and Dicaios warned Demaratos that if his words were reported to the king, he would surely lose his head.[271]
From: The Argonautica (English translation)
(1) The narrative mentions the Colchians dreading the threats of their own king, indicating a ruler or monarch who holds authority over the Colchian people.[272] (2) The king is asked not to give her up to the Colchians, highlighting his power and responsibility in making decisions about her fate.[273] (3) The kings are those who would dispense justice and determine whether Medea should return to her father's home or follow the chieftains, indicating their role as arbiters.[274] (4) The "king" made his way through Europe and Asia, suggesting a figure of power and influence who shaped the ancient world.[275] (5) This ruler desires to drive a man far from his fatherland and possessions, initiating a journey for the man on a venture with little hope of success.[276]
From: Aesop's Fables (English translation)
(1) The king is the Lion, described as just and gentle, who makes a royal proclamation and draws up conditions for a universal league among the birds and beasts.[277] (2) The narrative culminates with the King, who upon hearing the extraordinary tale of the Lion and the Shepherd, orders the Shepherd's pardon and the Lion's release back into the forest, demonstrating his sense of justice.[278] (3) The King, driven by a protective instinct and a premonitory dream, attempts to shield his son from a predicted fate, which leads to unintended consequences.[279] (4) A title that one of the characters aspired to, believing its size warranted such recognition among all the collected beasts.[280] (5) This character is the ruler that the other animals visit, and towards whom respect is expected, as well as the recipient of accusations and the seeker of a healing remedy.[281]
From: The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle
(1) A king's friendship with his subjects stems from the benefits he provides, reflecting a caring and protective role similar to a shepherd, which creates a bond based on his contributions to their well-being.[282] (2) Individuals who are much their inferiors do not expect to be friends with them, highlighting how significant differences in status can hinder the formation of friendship.[283]
From: The Liturgy of Funerary Offerings
(1) The king, according to the text, sent gifts or offerings when his friends among the nobles, or highly meritorious officials, were laid to rest in their tombs.[284]
From: The Iliad of Homer (English translation)
(1) A plain man cannot stand against the anger of a king, highlighting the power and authority of rulers like Agamemnon and the potential consequences of opposing them.[285]
From: The Odyssey of Homer (English translation)
(1) The king is compared to Penelope, who is likened to a blameless king upholding righteousness, demonstrating her virtuous qualities and the prosperity she brings.[286]
From: Egypt Through The Stereoscope
(1) This individual, along with the high priest, was exclusively allowed to enter a specific location within the great Horus temple of Edfu.[287] (2) The king is depicted in various scenes, including wars, a naval battle, and a lion hunt, with inscriptions detailing his exploits and victories.[288] (3) The king is depicted with slackened reins, urging his plumed horses to pursue a great bull, readying his lance for a fatal strike in the hunt.[289] (4) Their tombs are not in the face of the cliffs like those of a certain group of people, but are instead located behind in a secluded valley that can be viewed.[290] (5) The owner is described as favorite of the excellent heart of this person. Artisans were at work upon the buildings of this person.[291]
From: The Literature of the Ancient Egyptians
(1) The text indicates that a party of miserable men have removed the king, signaling a political upheaval and the overthrow of the ruler.[292] (2) The King is the ruler who takes Bata's wife as his own and is manipulated by her to destroy the Acacia tree, unknowingly harming Bata.[293] (3) The King, according to Sanehat, is like unto Horus, whose victorious might has conquered the whole world, emphasizing his power.[294] (4) A royal figure, referred to with the wish of life, strength, and health, followed by the individual and whose actions included besieging cities and fighting battles.[295] (5) The text states that the narrative is vivid, and the aim of the writer was rather to state the facts of this splendid expedition than to heap up empty compliments on the king.[296]
From: Legends Of The Gods
(1) Individuals who, upon accepting the title of gods, faced the reproach of vanity, presumption, impiety, and injustice, as mentioned in the text.[297] (2) Rulers of nations, and the claim is made that these historical figures are the same as those commonly regarded as deities.[298] (3) The story may commemorate the actions of kings and great men, who achieved divinity through virtue and power but later faced calamities.[299] (4) The king and queen received the remainder of the trunk in fine linen after Isis took what she wanted from the pillar, demonstrating a transaction.[300] (5) Individuals who also hold the role of priests, consuming alcoholic beverages only in the quantity prescribed by sacred texts, a practice that began during the reign of Psammetichus.[301]
From: Development of Religion and Thought in Ancient Egypt
(1) According to the text, the king is closely associated with Aton, emerging from Aton's rays and fashioned by Aton, suggesting a divine connection and a role in spreading Aton's influence throughout the land.[302] (2) He also has a chapter of "Becoming One Revered by the King," presumably meaning the Sun-god, as the chapter is a magical formulary for accomplishing the ascent to the sky.[303] (3) A person who commands the grand steward to decide the peasant’s case, after finding the roll of the peasant's petitions more pleasant to heart than anything in the whole land.[304] (4) The king was buried under the symbol of the Sun-god, and when the pyramid rose above the king’s sepulchre, it was the loftiest object which greeted the Sun-god.[305] (5) The ka was originally the exclusive possession of kings, each of whom lived under the protection of his individual guardian genius.[306]
From: The Gods of the Egyptians Vol 1
(1) A reference to the ruler of the South and North, associated with Ra and the gods, present to witness events and maintain order.[307] (2) Ra is referred to as king, and he declares that he will gain the mastery over men as king and destroy them, illustrating his role as a sovereign ruler with the power of life and death.[308]
From: Egyptian Magic
(1) The reverence paid to animals in Egypt was in no way different from that paid to the king, who was regarded as divine and as an incarnation of Râ the Sun-god, who was the visible symbol of the Creator.[309]
From: The Book of the Dead
(1) A declaration is made that there has never been any cursing of this individual, signifying loyalty and respect.[310]