Significance of Inference
Inference, in various philosophical contexts, is described as a reasoning process that draws conclusions based on premises or evidence. In Hinduism, it involves logical deductions from known principles. Jainism views inference as deriving logical conclusions from assumed truths, while Tibetan Buddhism highlights its cognitive limitations. Other traditions, such as Ayurveda and Vaisheshika, emphasize inference as a way to understand unseen phenomena based on observable evidence. Overall, inference serves as a crucial method for acquiring knowledge and understanding complex subjects across these different philosophies.
Synonyms: Deduction, Conclusion, Reasoning, Interpretation, Assumption, Implication
In Dutch: Gevolgtrekking; In Finnish: Päättely; In Spanish: Inferencia; In German: Schlussfolgerung
The below excerpts are indicatory and do represent direct quotations or translations. It is your responsibility to fact check each reference.
Buddhist concept of 'Inference'
Inference in Buddhism involves logical reasoning to deduce knowledge from present realities, draw conclusions based on evidence, and explore concepts beyond direct perception, while acknowledging its limitations in proving certain existential claims, such as the Omniscient Person.
From: Tattvasangraha [with commentary]
(1) A logical conclusion or deduction that may contradict the notion of eternal Cognitions.[1] (2) A cognitive process that is distinct from perception and does not apply in the context discussed due to already apprehensive colours.[2] (3) A reasoning process that is disputed by the Opponent's conclusion about the subsistence of sounds in Akasha.[3] (4) The logical reasoning process that leads to a conclusion based on given premises or statements.[4] (5) A method of understanding objects that is distinct from direct perception; it relies on reasoning and is considered an indirect means of cognizing external objects.[5]
From: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra
(1) The process of deducing knowledge about the past and future from present realities.[6]
Hindu concept of 'Inference'
Inference in Hinduism involves knowledge acquired through logical reasoning, aiding in the understanding of Atman and reality. It encompasses deducing conclusions from premises, recognizing its limitations, and serving as a secondary aid in knowledge acquisition.
From: Brahma Sutras (Ramanuja)
(1) A reasoning process or conclusion that derives a logical consequence from premises.[7] (2) A logical conclusion drawn based on observation or reasoning but not explicitly stated in scripture, particularly in the context of the Chandogya passage.[8] (3) A method of reasoning or deriving conclusions based on evidence, which has limitations in this context for proving non-existence.[9]
From: Vivekachudamani
(1) A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements.[10] (2) A reasoning process that acts as a secondary aid in acquiring knowledge, contributing to the realization of Atman.[11]
From: Thirty minor Upanishads
(1) tarka, the thoughtful reasoning that aligns with the teachings of the Vedas.[12]
From: Brahma Sutras (Shankaracharya)
(1) A process of reasoning that draws conclusions based on evidence and logical deduction, serving as an instrument of right knowledge.[13]
From: Padarthadharmasamgraha and Nyayakandali
(1) Inference serves as a means of understanding the existence of the Self through the observation of actions and qualities attributed to bodies and behaviors that do not align with the properties of non-conscious entities.[14] (2) The process of drawing conclusions from observations, which can sometimes lead to misconceptions if based on incorrect perceptions.[15] (3) The process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true; described as synonymous with true Tradition.[16] (4) Inference is the reasoning process used to derive conclusions about objects that are not directly perceived but can be deduced based on available evidence or features.[17] (5) A reasoning process that involves deriving conclusions based on premises and evidence.[18]
From: Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari
(1) The process through which an understanding is derived from context, specifically concerning words that are not explicitly mentioned.[19] (2) A conclusion reached based on reasoning, which is described as unreliable in the context of understanding deeper truths.[20] (3) The act of drawing conclusions based on reasoning or evidence, limited in its ability to uncover meaning without clear word association.[21] (4) The logical deduction or conclusion drawn from the context or structure of the sentence regarding the objects and actions.[22]
From: Charaka Samhita (English translation)
(1) A logical conclusion drawn from observation, helping to understand the unseen based on known evidence.[23] (2) The reasoning process based on given premises to arrive at conclusions about a patient's condition that are not directly observable.[24] (3) The process of deducing information, particularly in assessing body tastes, since one cannot directly ascertain another's taste.[25]
From: Yoga-sutras (with Bhoja’s Rajamartanda)
(1) Inference is the conviction produced by prior knowledge of the necessary relation between a characteristic and the object that possesses it.[26]
From: The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha
(1) A type of reasoning that draws conclusions based on premises that lead to logical deductions.[27]
Jain concept of 'Inference'
In Jainism, Inference is understood as the logical derivation of conclusions from accepted premises, particularly emphasizing its use by individuals with limited knowledge to enhance understanding and decision-making within the doctrine.
From: Bhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti)
(1) The process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true, as utilized by those with limited knowledge.[28]