Chapter 6 - A Sanskrit-Chinese-English Glossary

This glossary covers only those words that might be useful for understanding the text. The commonly used words are excluded. In the Glossary, the square bracketed numbers following the Sanskrit terms refer to the stages and paragraphs in the Dashabhumikasutra et Bodhisattvabhumi Thus, '[1 A]' indicates the word is found on paragraph [A] in the first stage of the Text. The Chinese translations are added for the comparative study. akanistha [A] [8]; Akanistha literally means 'not the least' or 'not the smallest and the heaven so designated is regarded as situated at the highest end of the Rupadhatu or Rupaloka. [1 N, Q, 9 Z] 7; word, letter, syllable. aksara aksuna [8 A] (cf. The Pali Text Society’s Pali-English Dictionary s.v. akkhana.) not faulty. agni [1 VV, 2 X, 3 C, J, M] '; fire. agra [9 Z, 11 D]; beginning. ankura [1 RR, 6 C] ; sprout.

382 anga acala atavi anda ; limb; factor, element, member (of Path, Jhana, etc). bhumy-anga [1 WW]; marga-anga [11 D]; sarvangapratyanga[3 J, 5 L]; bhumyangaparisodhana [1 WW]. TH; [8 C, P, R, S, 11 B, C] ; immovable: the eighth of the ten stages of Bodhisattvahood. [1 WW, 2 Z]; vast field, great forest (according to Chinese translations of this word): cf. name of a town (Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary p.8). [1 HH, 5 G]; cupola, the bulb-shaped part on the top of a stupa: avidyanda [5 G]; andaja [1 HH]. atikramana [10 F, J, 11 C] ; surpassing, wonderful (appearance). atikramitum [7 F]; atikramya [1 WW]; atikranta [3 M; 71, F, 10 J]. Atinamayati [1 K] (tusnibhavena)-(); causes (time) to pass, spends (time). atiriktama [all final sections; -tara [6 R]; (adj.) complete, excessive. atireka [7 E, M] ; excess(-ive), exceedingly great (respect). afita atyanta [1 J, 5 A, 9 Q, 10 F]; past. [5 C, G, 8 P] ; absolute. atyantakale: for a very long time. X¤¶; (pathy)-adana [1 WW] ; journey-provisions; requirement for journey. advaya 4 or ; non-duality. adbhutam [1 K, 10 J], astonishing, amazed. adhara [4 K] T; low. adhastat [10 D].

383 adhigama [1 D, N, S, 81, 10 A] ; obtain, realize; efficacity. 10 H,I] shou, shi xian, jian li xian; adhitisthati [1 D, 8 L, N, 9 Z, 10 H, 1],, ; masters, controls. adhipati adhimukti adhisthana factor. [2 EE, 3 P, 8 S, 92] E; E; controller; dominant influence or adhipratyaya: a presiding or dominant condition or cause, e.g., the organ of vision with regard to the occurrence of visual sensation; one of the four kinds of Causes. [1 L, M, R, DD, VV, 2 DD, 4 A, J, K, 5 C, 7 B, N, 8 M, O, L, 9 C, G, L, X] ; firm resolve, strong inclination, confidence, good-will. [1 P, A, OO, WW, 7 D, 8 A, N, Q, P, 9 Z, 10 D, F, J] ; sustainment; the spiritual power of the Buddha which helps a Bodhisattva and sustains him through his course of discipline. This is one of the conceptions peculiar to Mahayana Buddhism. adhomurdhata [8] (cf. avamurdha) upside down, with head downwards. adhyalambana [1 D, 20, DD, 7 E, 9 A 10 A] grasping, acquiring. adhyasaya [1 R, T, TT, Z, 4 J, K, 7 G, N, 8 A, M] mental disposition, determination, intent (cf. Pali ajjhasaya.) adhyupeksana[10 F] impartiality, disregard. (cf. Pali ajjhupekkhana) adhyesana [IN, FF, 10 H](); to invite the Buddhas to expound the Doctrine. adhvan anabhoga [9 Q]; transition, time, period; past, present and future. ; effortless, purposeless, not being aware of conscious strivings. anasrava wu lou; undefiled; non-flowing; uninfluenced (by Klesas). Asrava is

384 something which oozes or flows out of the mind and spoils generally the upward career of the Buddhist life; to get rid of this is the aim of the ascetic discipline. The four principal poisonous outflows are: lust (kama), clinging to life (bhava), speculation (drsti), and ignorance (avidya). Anasrava is a state free from these impurities. anasravadhatu ; realm of non-outflowings. anityata [3 B]; impermanence, nature of changing, mometariness. animitta anirodha ; formless, non-form, devoid of appearances. It is generally used in connection with sunyata and aprandihitam. animittapatha: ; path or abode of formlessness. animittasukha: ; bliss of formlessness. not subject to destruction. anirodanutpada ; immortality, being above birth and death. wu jin; anisthita [8 B] not extinguished. anuttara-samyak-sambodhi EEE; the supreme enlightenment realised by the anutpatti Buddha, perfect Enlightenment. ; non-birth, non-origination. anutpattikadharma ; the (eight) way(s) in which the conception of non-birth occurs. They are: (1) Things (dharmas) have never been born because the idea of birth-and-death does not occur in reality. (2) From that which precedes there is that which follows, and there is no difference between antecedents and consequents, and no absolute beginning can be assigned to

385 anything. (3) If anything is already here nothing else can take its place unless we assume an independent origin, which is impossible. (4) The notion of self-substance comes from the imagination which is not based on reality. (5) Because of relative dependence (paratantra) we assume natural origin, but in reality there is nothing that can be called self-substance. (6) The absolute oneness of perfect knowledge (parinispanna) excludes the idea of otherness. (7) When the knowledge of complete destruction (ksayajnana) is realized, there is never again the assertion of veil passions. (8) In the Dharmakaya of all Buddhas there is perfect unity, and no in differentiation individuation. When this eight-fold notion of non-birth is realized, one attains the recognition of the birthlessness of all things. anutpattikadharmaksanti 3 the recognition that nothing has been born or created in this world when things are seen (yathabhutam) from the point of anupurva anubhava anuloma anusaya view of absolute knowledge, they are Nirvana itself, are not at all subject to birth-and-death. [1 P, 5 L, 6 C, 8 C, 9 J, 11 A, C], ; progressive, gradual, successive. [1 Q, H, E, N, 3 M] ; might, influence, the power (of the Buddha). anubhavita [7 G]. [6 A, C, L, M, 10 F] ; conformity, adaptation. anulomacarya: practice of conformity. [5 F, 9 C, E, H, L, R] OE, underlying tendency, impassioned tendency. There are seven impassioned tendencies or inclinations:

386 apavada Sensuous greed (Kamaraga), Grudge (patigha), Speculative opinion or wrong view (ditthi), Sceptical doubt (vicikiccha), Conceit (mana), Craving for continued Existence (bhavaraga), and Ignorance (avijja). [3 M] controversy, refutation. apratisthita [2 S] ; (lit.) not-abiding; 'Altruistic Nirvana'. The Nirvana into apranihita which a Buddha could have entered, if he did not prefer to remain in Samsara, and to work for all living beings. [6 P] ; being without constrained efforts. One of the three vimoksas. apramana [1 II, 3 L, 4 J, 5 L, 7 A,B, J, 9 A, F, N, Y, Z, 10 A, D, F, H-J] #; immeasurable, measureless. apramanani [7 A] the (four) virtues of infinite greatness, the (four) divine abidings or measureless state. They are (1) maitri (), (2) karuna (), (3) mudita (), and (4) upeksa (). apravrtti %; not changing, not taking place. abhava % non-reality. abhijna [1 A, KK, MM, 3 M, 51, L, 7 C; 8 R, 9 A,H, 10 E, G, H, J] (^); (the abhidhana six) supernatural faculties or powers; direct knowledge. an-abhijna [6 D]. naming. cf. abhidheya,, meaning. abhidheyavikalpa wrong discrimination regarding what is described; one of abhidhya the twelve subjects of wrong discrimination (vikalpa). [2 D, Q, 4 C] ; covetousness. an-abhidhyalu [21].

387 abhinirhara [1 Q, AA, BB, MM, 2 P, DD, 4 D, 5 L, O, P, 7 A, 8 J, 9 Y, 10 G, I, J] 1, abhinivesa FF; accomplishment, production, earnest wish, vows (synonym of pranidhana). cf. Pali abhinihara ; strong attachment; (cf. Pali abhinivesa: false opinion or insistance). abhiniskramana [1 FF, MM, 10 F, H]; departure from worldly life, entrance into ascetic life; (cf. Pali abhinikkhamana). abhipravarsana [10 H] act of raining down. abhibhu [8 S, 9 Z] ; supreme, the transcender. DEA; abhiyukta [1 WW, 3 G, I, 5 J, K, 7 C] f

alaksana %; without the (thirty two) marks or recognizable signs. 388 avakalpana [1 AA] ; considering certain. avastu 11 ; non-reality. avalokitesvara ; A Bodhisattva who will come to the aid of anyone who invokes his name. This Bodhisattva is the embodiment of compassion of avikalpa avidya avici avinasa all Buddhas. He appears in many sutras and tantras, and plays an important role in most Mahayana retuals. Avalokitesvara is worshipped in either a male or a female form in the various Buddhist countries. ; non-discriminating [1 QQ, 2 Z, AA, BB, 30, 5 E, 6 C, 9 E, I] ; ignorance, nescience. [10 D] ; the name of one of the most frightful hells. not to be destroyed. avyakrta [9 B, F, J]; indifferent, indeterminate, neutral. avyapanna [2] ; unmalicious. asambhuta asamskrta acura not combined. ; the unconditioned, not being produced by co-operating causes, eternal absolute. The Hinayana philosophers divide existence into two main groups, Samskrta (†) and Asamskrta (#). The Samskrta comprises of such dharmas as are tied to the chain of causation and capable of producing effects, while the Asamskrta is unconditioned. [7 M, 8 L, 91, 10 D, J, 11 B] ; A demi-god often grouped with the

astinasti devas in the five planes of existence. being and non-being. 389 asvabhava wu zi xing; being without self-nature. (cf. avabhava, sunya, nairatma; anutpanna.) akasa [A] [1 P, 3 K, M, L, 4 A, 8 B, N, 10 B, D, E] sky, space. agantuklesa ke chen; Klesa literally means 'pain', 'external dust', 'affliction', or 'something tormenting', and is translated as 'defilement'. acara [2 AA, 5 M] conduct of the monks in various circumstances. atman [1 K, Y, RR, UU, 2 CC, 4 E, 5 E, 6 C, I, N, 7 A, 8 N] #; the self, individual soul, personality, ego-soul; (cf. atman=svabhava=pudgala). Atman means anything substantially conceived that remains eternally one, unchanged, and free. When an ego-soul (pudgala) is thought as such, that constitutes the atmadrsti (). When the reality of an individual object (dharma) as such is denied, it means dharmanairatmya (). atmabhava [1 P, E, TT, 3 C, 5 F, 101], individual existence, body. adarsabimba (or pratibimba), ; mirror-image. abharna [1 TT, 9 Z, 10 D, J, 11 E] ✯✯ZA; ornament. abhasa [1 VV, 2 EE, 3 N, 4 K, 5 M, 6 S, 7 N] light, radiance, appearance, range, scope. abhasibhavati [8 C] ; comes into range, into play, becomes perceptible. abhoga gong yong (xing); [8 C, K](); effort, earnest application, endeavor.

390 (an)abhoga [6 C, 7 F, G, 8 C, K, Q] condition, free of bodily, mental desires. [3 K, 4 A, 5 L 8 L, 91, 10 F] (E); formless (state), formlessness. arupya alambana avarana avenika asaya asraya asrava [1 KK, NN, 6 G, 11 E];object, resting or depending upon, objective support. Alambana-pratyaya: the object of a cognition; viewed as a cause or a condition of every knowledge. [1 A, 2 Y, BB, 3 H, L, 10 G] ; hindrance, obstruction; that which hinders the realization of the truth. The two hindrances are conative and intellectual, klesavarana () and jneyavarna (). The latter is easier to destroy than the former, for the will to live or the egoistic impulses are the last thing a man can bring under complete control. [100, 4 D, 5 J, 9 A, X, 10 F, 11 B] %%; peculiar, individual, particular. [1 T, Q, Y, JJ, KK, MM, 2 A, ...] ; mental disposition, intent, desire. [1 LL, 6 S, 7 F, 8 L, 10 D, I, J] *, *; substrate. [1 K, D, QQ, 6 C, 9 B], (=asrava: Pali asava), impurity, evil influence, depravity, sin, misery, impure outflows of the mind, which are also known as klesa, evil influence. [I]} icchath [2 Q] ; (subject to) great desire. injita [8 C] motion, movement, unsteadiness. indriya [4 C, 6 C, D, 7 B, 8 C, G, K, L, X, 10 F] ; faculty, physical sense-organ. ista [2 G, 6 G], love, longing.

391 iryapatha uccheda utpada [7 D, 8 R] ; movement (physical movements of any sort); as in Pali iriyapatha, also used for four postures or bodily attitudes, that is modes of physical behavior, viz., walking, standing, sitting, and lying down. [U] [1 A] ; annihilation, nihilism, cutting off, destruction. ucchidyante [4 J]; an-uccheda [6 G, H] non-annihilation. [6 L, M], ; birth, arising: an-utpada ; citta-utpada, buddha-utpada. udakacandra [10, 2 AA, 3 M, 4 K, 6 A] ()F; moon in water. This comparison is used to illustrate the illusive nature of existence which is beyond all predicates. The moon in water is not the real one as it is a reflection, but its appearance there is not to be denied. More similes such as a mirrorimage, an echo, a mirage are given in the same vein of thought. [4 B] ; uprising. udaya udahara [1 Q, LL, MM, 7 B, 9 Z](); lifting up (of the voice); utterance. upakarana [1 Y, BB, 2 C, I, 10 F] ¿ª, X; (=bhoga), food. upacara [3 J, 9 C, J, L, K, Z, 10 A, J, 11 B] ; environs, neighborhood. upanaha [1 QQ, 2 V], #; hatred, malice. upadana [1 RR, 6 C, D, E, F, G-I, 9 F] ; grasping, clinging to existence; upadatta = sphere of grasping. upaya [2 X, 3 P, 7 M] means, expediency, method, contrivance. upayakausalya [2 N, O, 3 M, 4 D, 5 B, I, J, 7 D, N]; skillful means.

392 upayajnana: ; knowledge in skillful means. HEF; The idea of 'skillful means' is an important one in Mahayana Buddhism and inseparable from that of a great compassionate heart moving the whole being of Buddhahood. h

karma 393 pity, a compassionate heart. [4 B, F, 6 D, 7 J, K, 9 C, F, I, L, 10 F, J] *; free or purposeful act, volition; past deeds and their traces or results. trividhakarma [9 E]; jnanabhinirharakarma [8 K]. karmapatha [2 B-K, L, M, Qs, 7 G] ; way of action, path of action. (karana: kalpa performance of action, karana: cause, sufficient condition.) [1 A, P, XX, 3 J, M, O, 7 A, 10 F, all final sections] ; world-age, fabrication kalyanamitra [1 R, BB, WW, 2 DD] (Pali kalyanamitta) ; (religious) kamadhatu kaya good-friend. [1 QQ]; world (region, sphere) of Desire, one of the triple world [QQ] yu jie; (triloka, ), the other two being the world of Form (A) and the world of No-form (#). [8 C, N, 10 F] ; body, group, order (of creatures); physical body (=sarira) or mental body (=nama); system. kayasamata [8 N] ; (all the Tathagatas are) the same as regards the body. kastha [1 RR] ; a piece of wood. kudya [1 RR, 3 M]; wall. kulaputra [8 D] 7,7%; son of good family. kusalamula [1 VV, 2 AA, EE, 3 P, 4 J, K, 5 H, M, 6 S, 7 N, 8 S, 9 Z, 10 D, J, 11 A, E] *, roots of wholesome deeds, roots of merit, stock of merit.

krpa [1 Q, 2 T, X, 5 B, J, 7 D] pity, compassion. 394 krpa-karuna [1 AA, 2 DD, 10 H] ; pity and compassion. klesa ksanti [2 X, 3 M, 4 K, 6 R, 7 A, 8 N, 9 C, G, L, Z, 10 F, H]; passion, fan nao; defilement, impurity. caturasiti-klesa-carita-nanatva-sahasra [9 E]. [2 E, 30, 6 A, 7 D, J, N, 8 B] ; forbearance, forgivveness, patience. It is generally translated 'patience,' 'resignation,' or 'humility,' when it is one of the six or ten paramitas. But 'acceptance,' 'recognition,' or 'submission' will be better when it occurs in connection with the dharma. [Kh] kha [1 K] xu kong; sky. khagapatha [1 K, 10 D, E], sky, space. khila [2] wang xiang; hardness or harshness of mind produced by the passions (raga, dosa, moha); unkind or unfriendly attitude. kheda-sahisnuta [1 UU] T; without lassitude. [G] gagana [1 A] ; sky. gana gata gati [1 A, 0, 7 F, J, N] ; group [3 B, G, 5 E, 60] ; gone, departed. [1 U, Q, HH, QQ, etc.] (F), ; way, motion; individual existence in one of the six kinds of bodies, destiny. gambhira [4 D, 6 Q, 7 B, K, N, 8 C, 9 Z]; profound.

garbha [1 A, 10 B, C, G, 11 E], womb, matrix. guna 395 [1 A, K, WW, 8 R, 10 D, E, I, 11 D, E] virtue, attribute; thread, ; strand, cord; layer. gocara [1 A, K, Q, 00, 7 J, L, N, M, 9 L, Z, 10 A, C, J]; clan, gamily; experience, mental attitude; range, sphere. Gocara, (lit. meaning 'range for cattle' or 'pasturage'), is a field for action and an object of sense. In the Dasabhumika-Sutra it is frequently more than that, for it points to a general mental attitude one assumes towards the external world, or better, a spiritual atmosphere in which one's being is enveloped. cittagocara [1 Q]; sphere of thought or mind. graha [5 L, M] X; grasping, hold. bhuta-graha[5 L]: samjna-graha [8 C]: grahaka ghatita grahana [9 G, 10 H, 11 B] [2 G] ; seizing, one who seizes or perceives. grahya; that which is to be perceived. [Gh] [10] stick, piece of wood. cf. The Chinese translation meaning 'discrimination'. ghana [1 A, P, 10 H],,; substantial, solid. ghosa [1 A, Q, LL, MM, 2 M, 4 D, 7 A, B, 8 K, 9 X, Z] #; sound. [C] citta [1 A, D, Q, QQ, 2 T-DD, etc.] ; thought, state of consciousness, mind. Citta is generally translated as 'thought,' but in the Dasabhumika-Sutra as in other

Mahayana sutras it is to be rendered as 'mind'. cittamatra [6 E] ; mind-only, mind-itself. wei xin; cittotpada 396 [IR, S, T, U, BB, GG, KK, 7 J, 8 K, 10 D, 11 D, E] ; arousal of thought (for enlightenment). cetas [3 M, 80] u; mind. [Ch] chatra [10 D, E, I, 11 E] jeweled umbrella, parasol. [3 E, 4 C],; zeal, desire. chanda yu, xi le; chiti [10 J] ; cutting. [J] siksarthira T jagat [1 A, S, 4 G, 7 F, 8 P, 11 B, C], ; universe, worldly people. jana [1 TT] ; people. janapada [1 TT]. janma [1 FF, MM, 10 F, H]; birth. janmabhumi [80]; stage of birth. jara [1 RR, 6 C, D, G] ; decay, old age. [1 RR, 6 C, D, F, G, H], ; birth, origin. jati jambunada [10 C] ; gold from the Jambu river. jnana [1 S, LL, QQ, VV, 31, 4 B, 51, M, 7 D, E, 8 A, H, etc.] ; knowledge, wisdom. bhumijnana [1 J, P, WW]. This word is a very flexible term, as it means sometimes ordinary worldly knowledge, which does not penetrate into the truth of existence, and also sometimes transcendental knowledge in which case synonymous with Prajna or Aryajnana.

[T] tattva zhen shi; ; truth, itself, identity, absolute reallity (=tattvam eva). tathatva [5 B, 9 S] ; thus: or tathatva, ; thusness, suchness. tama [2 Y, 5 G, 8 S] darkness, ignorance. timira [6 C, 2 Y], M; cataract of the eye. 397 firthya trsna tyaga [5 M, 7 M] (or firthakara) ; the philosophers not belonging to Buddhism. They are refered to in combination with Sravakas and Pratyekabuddhas, to whom the ideals of Bodhisattva hood are not known. [1 QQ, RR, 2 AA, BB, 5 E, 6 C, F, 9 E, I], ; lit., thirst, will-to-live; **; craving. Together with avidya (ignorance) and karma (deeds), trsna is the inner agent of the world-creation. [1 TT, UU, XX, 2 EE, 3 J, 11 C], ✯ giving, donating. [D] darsana [1 X, Q, LL, 7 B, 9 J, Z, 10l], vision; seeing, view, metaphysical view; perception; immediate knowledge, transcendental insight, intuition. dana [1 VV, SS, and other final sections, 5 K, 7 D] giving alms, charity. ; duhkha [1 Q, RR, 2 Q, BB, CC, 3 B, J, K, M, 5 C, K, 10 D] suffering, unsatisfaction. duhkhaskandha [1 RR, SS, 2 Q, 5 E] ; mass of suffering. durasada [1 K, PP, 3 D] ; difficult to get. durasadabhumi [8 Q]. durangama [80] ; the far-going, (the seventh stage).

398 drsti desana dosa [10, Y, 2 E, K, Q, Z, AA, 4 E, K, 5 A, F, 6 D, 9 E, K] ♬, WA; view (generally a wrong view), false view. drstikrta [30, 6 C, 10 F]. [5 K, 7 B, 9 L, O, R, 10 F] *, ; teaching, (word-teaching contrasted with self-realisation). [1 WW, 30, 5 K, 7 F, L, M] ¤, hatred, error, £; fault. daurmanasya [1 RR, 2 BB, 3 C, K, 4 C, 6 C, D], dejection. dvesa [1 QQ, 2 X, 3 C, 5 F, 7 A]; hatred, anger, one of the three evil passions known as poison; the other two are raga (^, the desire to have) and moha (, stupidity). [Dh] dharma dharmata [1 A, T, 2 D, H, etc.] ; the truth, the (religious) law, doctrine; thing, nature; quality; element of existence; (various shades of meaning attached to the term). [1 G, U, 8 G, 10 J, 11 E]nature of things, the ultimate essence of things existing, the essential nature of things which pertains to things. dharmadhatu [1 A, G, J, 4 A, 8 R, 9 Z, 10 B-H] It may be rendered properly as 'realm of ideas,' as the term expresses the most comprehensive view of the thitu universe. [1 J, 3 M, 4 A, J, 5 C, L, 7 A, 8 L, 9 C, E, G, L, H, I, 10 E, H] 1/4, 14; element; world; relics; primary element, material dharma. dharani [1 A, G, 5 M, 8 P, 9 A, Y, Z, 10 G, H] ; symbol; mnemonical formulas;

dhyana dhruva 399 stabilizer or power to lay hold of the good so that it cannot be lost and likewise of the evil so that it cannot arise. [1 A, 3 H, M, K, 5 L, M, 7 D, 9 H, 10 F, 11 B, D], concentration, a concentrated state of mind; ecstasy. [1 A] (Pali dhuva) permanent, everlasting. [N] naya [1 A, F, 10 D, G],,; method, mode, enterance. nana nama [3 K, 7 A, 9 E, D, I, G, W, Z, 10 F], ; different: -bhava, difference. [1 HH, RR, 2 C, 3 M, 6 C, 91, 11 E] ; name, one of the Five Dharmas. namarupa, psychophysical personality. nayaka [1 XX and other final sections] (*); leader. nihsarana [2 X, Z, DD, 5 E] HH(); escape or salvation. nitya %; eternal nityata; eternity, permanence. nidana nimitta niravasesa nirukti nirodha [2 X, 3 M, 6 C, 9 E] cause and effect; underlying and determining factor, introduction, circumstance. [3 M, 5 L, 6 A, N, P, 7 J, 8 C, 9 G] ; external aspect or feature, appearance. [5 C, 10 D, F, H] -*, *; (Pali an-avasesa) that is absolute, complete, of which nothing is left, all done away. [9 N-X]; (Pali nirutti) terminological explanation. [4 C, 5 C, 6 H, N, 7 K, L] ME, Edustruction, suppression, cessation:

400 nirvana nirodhasamapatti: ; mental tranquillity, attainment of cessation. [1 A, NN, 2 X, BB, CC, 4 B, 7 H, M, 8 Q, 10 F, D] extinction (of raga, dosa, moha); cessation, freedom. ni(r)vrtti [4 B, 10 F, 11 B] disappearance; extinguished, entered into nirvana. nis-prapanca [6 A] (Pali nippapanca) without frivolous talk; without activity; , without the error of false statement; inexpressible in speech and irrealizable in concepts, the Absolute. nisyanda [1 WW, 6 D] \, *; flowing-out, flowing-down. [P] paramartha [10, 5 C, 6 P, 9 S] ultimate truth, absolute, Good Law in the absolute sense: (paramartha-satya, paramartha-saddharma). parijnana [6 G, 9 L, 10 J] ; understanding, accurate knowledge. parinama [6 G, K, 7 F] ; evolution, transformation. parinamana [6 G, K, 7 F] ; transference, to apply all merit to the welfare of beings; especially of one's merit to another or towards the realisation of supreme wisdom. This is one of the most characteristic ideas of Mahayana Buddhism. parinirvana [1 FF, MM, 5 H, 8 K, 10 F, H, I] (✯✯); complete cessation. parinispanna [60, 7 G, 8 Q, R] absolute reality, perfect knowledge; the specific term for the Yogacara absolute. parisuddhi [20, 3 K, 7 B] % pure, perfect purification.

401 paramita [1 A, W, CC, VV and all other final sections, 20, 60, 7 A, D, F] ; (lit. that which has gone beyong all limits); perfection, mastery, supremacy. punya pudgala purusa prthagjana [1 A. WW, 5 B, G, 6 C, 7 A, 8 N, 10 A, H]; meritorious deed, merit. [3 J, M, 4 E, 5 E, 6 N, 7 A] ^; (Pali pudggala) individual, the empirical individual, ego, person. [4 E] ±, ^; supreme spirit. Chinese versions suggest this word is interpolated between 'pudgala' and 'skandha'. (bala)-, [1 U, X, MM, QQ, 5 F, 8], £; a man not yet illumined, i.e., ignorant, ordinary people, worldling. prthivi [3 M, 8 L, 9 Z, 10 H, J] ; earth. posa [4 E] ; truth, nourishing or growing one. prakrti [2 B, 6 N, 7 A, D] %; nature, or original nature, contrasted to Purusa, supreme spirit. prakhyapita [1 A] proclaimed. prajnapti [2 L, 9 P, 10 D, 11 C], %; (=vijnapti), denomination, representation, ideation, mental construction; communication, convention. prajna [2 Y, 3 H, 4 C, 51, 60, S, 7 D, I, G, N, 9 Z, 10 D] wisdom, non-dual knowledge, intuition, transcendental knowledge. pranidhana [1 A, C, J, G, DD-MM, YY, etc.] ; vow, resolution, earnest wish. pratibimba ying xiang; image, mirror image. etc.]; pratibhana [1 A, D, F, 2 Q, 8 P, 9 N-Z] #†; self-confidence, brilliance, courage.

402 pratibhasa (Pali patibhana: perspicuity (intelligence), the 4 th of the four patisambhida). [1 A, KK, RR, 6 A, 7 A, 8 L], appearance, presentation to the mind, reflected image; semblance (with emphasis on unreality). pratisamvid [1 D, F, 9 L, N-X, 10 G]; (also -vida), (Pali patisambhida) special knowlege, discrimination. prafityasamutpada [6 C, 9 T, 11 B, C) dependent origination or arising, the theory of causation. pratyaksa [IL, II]; immediate perception. pratyekabuddha [2 N, DD, 5 M. 6 R, 7 B, I, etc.], ; a solitary Buddha who has no desire to announce the truth to the world. pradaksinikrtya(or-niya) [10 D, E] worthy of veneration (lit. of circumambulation prabhava to the right). J; [1 P, KK, MM, 10 E, J, F], 3 sovereign power, might, (= anubhava and adhisthana). pramudita [1 V, 7 F] ; joy, extreme happiness. pravrtti [4 B, 6 C, J, 10 F] ; rising, appearance., occurrence. prasama [1 MM, 2 X, 6 S, 7 A, D] tranquillity. prahana [2 CC, 3 K, O, 4 C] abandoning, relinquishing, exertion. pranatipata [2 B, Q]; killing beings pratiharya [10 D, J]; miracle.

prayogikacarya [7 E, F] f

404 bala-abhijna-vasita --, the powers, supernatural faculties, and self-mastery. Generally it is found in triplet as the endowments of the Bodhisattva. [3] ; external, other. bahya bija [1 QQ, 6 C, 91] ; seed. [1 A, J, TT, WW, 4 D, 9 Z, 10 E, F, H-J] ; the Enlightened One. buddha buddhadharma [1 N, PP, OO, 2 P, DD, 3 E, J, K, 4 D, 9 X, 10 A, F] (%the doctrine of the Buddha. buddhasasana, the teaching or message of the Buddha. sambuddha, perfectly enlightened one. buddhi [1 F, K, O, T, etc.] ; the transcendental knowledge. bodhicitta [1 D, 5 J, 11 A] ; thought of Enlightenment. bodhipaksyadharma [4 C, 5 A, 7 D] ; the (thirty-seven) dharmas leading to bodhisatva enlightenment. [1 X, W, 7 F, 9 B, 10 D, F, J, 11 B, E] one who seeks enlightenment not only for himself but for others. ; bodhyanga [1 CC, 3 M, 6 R, 7 E]; factors of enlightenment. [Bh] bhagavat [1 A, K, 7 A] #, E; the Blessed One, the Buddha. bhanga [9 D, F, G],4%; destruction. bhava bhava [1 RR, QQ, 2 Z, AA, BB, 3 E, O, 4 B, 5 E, 6 C, D, G, 91] ; (threefold) state(s) of existence, becoming. [1 K,7 F] gen ben, de you; essence, state; existence, being; production.

Sometimes it means 'dharma'. 405 bhavana bhuta [4 C, 51, 7 G, 9 K, 11 E] ; maintaining in being, development, cultivation, profound meditation, contemplation. [2]]; [2] ; been; actually existing; entity,; living being; reality, element. mahabhuta [2 CC]. bhutabhuta [10 F]. [7 L], the sphere of the Ultimate (Absolute), the limit of reality. bhutakoti bhumi [1 K, J, N, Q, etc.], ground, earth, soil; (spiritual) stage. bheda [2 F, 3 M, 6 D], (); destruction; distinct varieties. bhoktu-kama [91] ; lustful desire. bhoga [1 XX, 2 C, I, Q] ; enjoyment, possession, wealth. [M] bodhimanda [1 FF, 10 B, J] (lit. the best, supreme point) the manda supreme place, mandala mati madhya manas [1 A, G, 4 K, 8 K, H, M, R, 9 X, Z, 10 D, E, G, 11 E] ; spot of ground marked out and ceremonially prepared. [1 F, 2 U, DD, 5 B, I, 7 H, 9 Y, 10 J],,; mind, opinion, thought. [1 A, Q, UU, 2 Q, X, 9 G] ; middle. madhyama; ; the middle way. [1 QQ, 2 G, 3 M, 6 D, 10 J] U, consciousness as the will-to-be, mind. manomayakaya [8] ; the will-body, mind-made body. marana [1 RR, Y, 3 M, 6 C, D, G] ; death. mahadgata [1 GG, II, 3 L, M, 8 L, 101, J] ★, 1/2; (Pali mahaggata) great, extensive,

mana maya 406 lofty, magnanimous. [10, QQ, 5 F, 9 E] ; pride, high opinion. [1 CC, QQ, MM, 2 K, Q, BB, 30, 4 H, 6 A, 7 A, 9 D, 10 C] 1/4]; deceit, magic, illusion. marga [1 WW, 4 C, F, G, H, 5 A-C, 6 A, 7 A, D, 9 V, 11 B, D] ; path, Buddhist Path, the way along which a Dharma practitioner prodeeds toward liveration and enlightenment. mahatmya [2 A, 3 A, 4 A, 5 K, 7 J, 9 A] ★, ★; magnanimity. mithya [2 D, Q, Z, 30, M, 6 C, 9 K] ; (Pali miccha), wrong. mrsa medhavin [2 Q, 5 D] E, ; (Pali musa) delusion, falsehood, lying. [7 L] wise. maitri [1 Q, AA, 2 B, J, T, W, 3 L, 4 D, 5 B, D, J, 8 P] (*); friendliness, lovingkindness, compassion. moksa [3 E, 9 L]; deliverance, release, emancipation. moha [1 QQ, 2 X-Z, 3 C, M, 5 F, 6 F] ; mental delusion, confusion, folly. [Y] yathabhutam [3 M, 5 C, D, E, 9 B-L, O-X, 8 B, 10 F]; truly, as it is. yana [2 M, N, O, DD, 7 B, F, L, 9 G, L, U, 10 F] ; Vehicle, the (three) Paths to enlightenment. The Buddhist doctrine that carries one from this side of birth-and-death to the other side of Nirvana has been compared to a Vehicle of conveyance since the early days of Buddhism.

407 yukta yugapad yoga yauvarajya [10] ; proper, combination, concordance, transformation. shi [7]; simultaneous. ji shi, (vogah karaniyah) [2 P] personal effort. [10]] crown-prince, stage of excellent youth prince; name of the 9 th bhumi. [R] ranga ratna rasa raga rasi ruta(a) rupa [1 K](); colour. [1 K](zhong) cai; [1 A, BB, TT, 2 AA, EE, 4 K, 5 L, 7 N, 8 L, 10 C, J, 11 B-E] ; jewel, treasure, precious thing. triratna [4 B] three jewelous refuge, that is, the Buddha, Dhamma, and the Sangha. ratnamaya [11 B]. ; taste, flavour, nature as function or achievement, essential juice. ekarasa [11 C] ; one taste. yi wei; svarasa [9 F]; one's own nature. [1 QQ, 2 X, AA, 3 C, M, P, 5 F, 6 F, 7 A, F] ; lust, greed, desire to have. raga-dvesa-moha ;lust-hatred-delusion known as the three poisons. [3 J, 9 C, K, L]; group, collection, (three) groups or categories of beings. [1 A, 7 A, 9 L, R, Z, 10 D], voice, speech, word. [1 HH, 3 K, O, 4 K, 5 K, 8 L, N, 9 I, Z, 10 F, I] ; form, material existence. rosa [2 G]; anger. [L] laksana [1 GG, 4 D, 5 J, 6 A, etc.] *; aspect, sign, appearance, characteristic.

labhin [7 K]; having attainment. loka (cf. dhatu, kriya); t 4(H); world. lokapala [7 M, 10 J]; saving the beings, world-guarding. lobha [21] ; greed, craving. laukika [1 UU, 8 N, 9 B, F]; worldly, mundane. [♥] vamsa [1 U] ; tradition, race. vaktavya [7 F] (vacaniya), to be declared. vajra 408 [1 A, C] ; diamond. vajragarbha ; the chief speaker in the Dasabhumika-Sutra, who, inspired by the Buddha, discourses with Vimukticandra, vajrapani [8] jin gang shou; vasita (lit.) 'thunderbolt-handed'; a Buddhist god who accompanies the Buddha and protects him all the time. [1 A, 80, 10 G, I, 11 B, D] (cf. pratyeka) E#; self-control. zi zai; vastu [1 TT, 2 C, 3 J, 5 C, 6 F, 9 W] ; fact, event, reality. vasana vikalpa vikurvana vikridita [9 C, J, L] ; perfuming impression, memory, habit-energy. [1 K, 6 A, P, 7 C, 8 B, G, I, N]; (false) discrimination. [1 P, MM, 5 K, 80, 10 F, G] (Pali vikubbana); miracleworker, miracle [1 A, 10 G, J] (lit.) sportive. This is an important conception describing the life of a Bodhisattva, which is free from every form of constraint and restraint. It is like that of the fowls of the air and the lilies

409 vicaya vicara of the field, and yet there is in him a great compassionate heart functioning all the time freely and self-sufficiently. (cf. pratisamvid) [1 D, O, T, WW, 7 H, 8 A, Q, 9 F, 10 A, B, G], B, *; investigation. ±; [1 K, 3 K, 6 R, 7 J, 10 J], examine (with one's own intelligence). si ca, si liang; [5 J, 7 H, 9 D, Y] ; multiple, manifold. vicarana [4 A, D, 71, 10 F] ; accomplishment, performance. vicitra M, #; vijnapti [9 F, H] TL, (vinnatti) representation, intimation. vijnana [1 QQ, 3 K, 4 A, 6 D, F, 8 B, 91, 10 F] cognition, discrimination, consciousness, synonym of citta and manas, (in Hinayana): vijnana skandha-mana-ayatana=mano-dhatu. vithapana (or -na) [4 D, 5 J, 7 A, M] 21; fixation, establishment, creation, making. (citta-maya)-vithapanata [9 D] u ; (the fact that creatures) are created vitarka vidya by mental illusion. [2 AA, 3 K, 5 F, 7 L, 8 E] ; speculation, supposition. It is generally translated as reflection and found coupled with vicara (investigation). [10 H] ; knowledge. vidhvamsa [6 G] destruction. vinidhaya [2 E] fu; having covered 1, DE; vinipata [1 X, 2 L, 3 M] suffering, destroying, (falling away) without

quitting. 410 vinirbhaga viparyasa [6 P] ; (Pali vinibbhoga) discrimination, differentiation, distinction. [1 QQ, 2 CC, 7 N] ; confusion, perversion. vipaka [2 Q, 6 D, 7 G, 8 C, N, 9 F] maturity, maturing, ripening. vibhavana [1 D, WW, 4 B, 5 A, 7 A] ; penetrating, comprehension. vimala vivikta [1 A, O, 2 EE, 6 Q, 10 A] pure, clean, without stain. [1 PP, 3 K, 6 A, N, 7 K, 8 C] disjoined, solitary, alone, eternally visarada serene. [1 K, UU] ; without fear, confident, sure of oneself. visuddhi [2 Y, 3 M, 4 J, K, 7 N, 8 N]; purity, purification. visesa [1 W, CC, WW, 4 G, 5 B, 7 A, B, C, H, K, 10 J] ; distinguishing, specific moment, supreme moment. bhumi-bhumi-visesa [1 WW]. visama [1 W, CC, WW, 4 G, 5 B, 7 A, B, C, H, K, 10 J] false. visaya [2 U, W, Z, AA] object, material object, material sense object, region, range. vistirna [10 H, I]; (supply) in full, full explanation. vihethana [2 B, 5 L]; injury, hurting, doing harm, violating. virya [1 XX and all other final sections, 3 F, J, 4 C, I, 5 J, 7 D, 8 C] vigour, energy, effort. vrsabha [1 P, 9 A, 101],, ; bull-like, majesty, lordliness.

vedana [IRR, 3 J, 4 C, 6 C] ; feeling, receiving. 411 vaineyika [8 M, 9 G, 10 H] R*, £*; a prospective convert of sravakas. de diao fu zhe, du zhe; vaipulya [1 D, 4 C, 9 A, 10 A, F, J] (also vaitulya) (work of) great extent; name of one of the ten great mountains of the earth in Dasabhumika-Sutra vaimatra(ta) [9 D, F], (); various, heterogeneous, variety, diversity. vaisaradya vaimatrya [1 II, 10 A] (Pali vematta). [1 S, 4 D, 5 J, 8 A, 9 A, X, 10 A, F, H]; (Pali vesarajja) confidence in oneself, fearlessness. vyavadana [ID] (#)#(T); (Pali vodana) purification, cleansing. vyavasthana [1 D, WW, 5 C, 8 N, 9 C, F, I, L] ((Pali vavatthana) respective determination; construction; resting abode. vyakarana [8 R, 10 F]; explanation, elucidation; prophecy, prediction. vyavrtta [1 X, U] □, revulsion, turning-over. hui zhuan, zhuan yi; vyupasama [3 K, 6 H, 7 L]; (Pali vupasama) calming, tranquilization. vyuha [1 YY and all other final sections, 1 A, JJ, 7 M, 10, D, I]&A, arrangement, manifestation. sabda sama [S] sheng, song; [1 P, 3 M, 9 Z]; sound. [10] (cf. niyama, 2 A, 4 H);, X, appeasement. sayanasana [1 VV and all other final sections]; requisite for lying down, lodging. sarira [1 E, KK, 3 J, 8 N, 9 D, 10 C] (cf. abhava),,; body, solid,

bodily relic, remains, substance. 412 santa [7 A, M, 8 E, 9 A, 10 D] calm, peaceful. sasvata chang; ; opposed to uccheda (); eternal, constant, eternalism. sasana [1 AA, EE, XX, 4 K, 5 M, 7 N, 10 F] (cf. pratipadyate),,, message, teaching, religion, doctrine. sastr [2 T, DD] teacher. sastra [1 UU, 5 L, 11 B]; commentary, philosophical treatise in prose. sila [2 DD, EE, 5 A, 7 D, 11 B, D]; morality, percets, virtue. sukla sunya soka [1 R, 10 A] ; pure. [1 RR, 6 N, P, 7 A] ; empty, void. sunyata: voidness, emptiness. [1 RR, 2 BB, 3 C, 6 C, D], grief. sraddha [1 AA, UU, 4 C] ; faith. sravaka [2 M, DD, 5 M, 6 R, S, 7 B, 9 B, J, L, Z, 10 D, F, H, J] ; a hearer; a disciple of the Buddha who understands the Four Noble Truths, rids himself of the unreality of the phenomenal and enters the incomplete nirvana. srivatsa [1 A, 10 D] 7; swastika, (auspicious mark). srutakausala [3 H, 10 H] ; skillful in listening. samvrti samsaya samsara [S] [10 H]; relative, worldly knowledge or truth, conventional truth. [1 P, 3 G, 4 J, 10 J]; doubt, uncertainty. [1 A, WW, 2 Z, AA, 3 E, 4 B, 5 E, K, 7 M, H] AEAEG); birth-and-death,

samskara 413 universal transmigration, rebirth. [3 B, G, 4 B, C, 5 E, 6 C, D, F-L, O] (Pali samkhara) TL, {f; formation, volition, (pre)disposition; (pl.) conditionings. samklesa [4 F, 6 G, 7 F, 9 D] ; defilement. samgha [1 XX and all other final sections, 2 K, 7 D, 10 F] Buddhist Order, brotherhood; one of the three treasures, that is, Buddha, Dharma, and Samgha. samjna [3 K, 6 N, 7 D, 8 B, 91, 10 A, E, F] (cf. niskarsanata) 3 perception. xiang. walnar satkayadrsti [2 AA, 4 E, K]; (Pali sakkaya-ditthi) the dognatic view which clings to the reality of atman or substance; embodiment view, belief in individuality, false view of individuality. [1 CC, 2 E, 5 C, M, 6 D] ; truth, reality. satya samtati [1 QQ, UU, 3 M] continuity. samata [1 A, S, Q, X, KK, 4 K, 5 A, 6 A, 8 B] (cf. nirvrta, madhya) ; sameness. samatikrama [1 E, 3 K]; going beyond. samadana [1 A, 9 F], ; assumption, taking upon oneself, undertaking; formal undertaking, vow. samadanahetu [2 L, M, 3 M]. samadhi [1 XX and all other final sections, 1 A, 3 K, M, 4 C, etc.]*, AE; concentration, trance. samapatti [1 A, 2 D, 3 M, 6 S, 7 G, N, 9 H, 10 F] ; attainment.

414 Samapatti, Samadhi, and Dhyana are synonymously used in all the sutras except that each has its own usage and shade of meaning. They designate a concentrated state of mind in which the subject is completely identified with the object of meditation. Psychologically, it is a state of consciousness in perfect equilibrium, i.e., tranquilized. samudaya [5 C, 6 M, 7 B, 9 H]; origin, arising. samudagama [1 K, N, Z, OO, 2 P, Q, 4 G, 7 B, D, 8 K, L, 10 F] approach , (to), arrival, attainment. samudacara [41, K, 6 C, R, 7 F, 8 C, P, 9 H],, ; behaviour, manner of conduct; address; intention; purpose. samudanayana [5 J, 8 P, 11 E] acquisition. samudahara [1 K] speaking, conversation. samudghatana(ta) [9 H]; removal, destruction. sambodhi [1 U, 4 C] ; enlightenment. sambhara [1 L, R, G, CC, WW, 4 F, 5 B, G, J, 7 A, 8 A, K, 10 A], NE; moral provisions, preparatory material, equipment; equipment for (those destined for) enlightenment: (it consists of two things, punya and jnana. samyaksambuddha [100, 3 J, 4 F, 7 C, 10 D, E, 11 D] ***, £; a perfectly enlightened one, a Buddha. samyaksambodhi [1 A, VV, 2 EE, 3 N, 4 K, 5 M, 6 S, 7 N, 10 D] perfect enlightenment.

sarvajna 415 [1 XX and all other final sections, 1 E, F, etc.] ; all-knowing, omniscient. sakhilya tong he; [30] ; gentleness, mildness, softness, friendly words. sagara [1 A, P, 5 F, 7 L, 10 B, 11 A] ocean. sugata [1 P], well-gone, an epithet of the Buddha. skandha [1 Q, RR, SS, 2 CC, 3 M, 4 E, 5 C, E, F, 9 Z, 10 H, J] aggregate. smrtyupasthana application of mindfulness; the (four stages of) mindfulness for quieting the mind, consisting of contemplating: (1) the body as impure; (2) sensation as always resulting in suffering; (3) mind as impermanent; and (4) things as being dependent and without a nature of their own. sthana [ID, J, L, M, N, P, WW, 2 L, 3 H, 51, L, 10 F, J] (Pali thana) | svabhava point, matter, subject; occasion; basis; endurance. [1 Q, 4 B, 6 A-c, i, N-P, 7 A, 8 B, 10 B, F, J] E, E; (cf. bhava, dvaya, santa, sunya) self-nature. [H] hasta [30] ; hand. hasta-gata [30]. hita [2 B, G, J, T, Q, U, 4 G, 5 H, L] *; benefit. hina [1 UU, 2 Q, DD, 3 M]; inferior, abandoned. hetu [2 Q, 3 M, 6 L]; reason, cause, condition. hetum ca dadati [6 G]. The compound, hetupratyaya (*) meaning causation or causality, is frequently met with. Hetu and Pratyaya are really synonymous, though

hri 416 they are differently enumerated, that is six Hetus and four Pratyayas. In this case, Hetu is regarded as a more intimate and efficient agency of causation than a Pratyaya. [1 AA, UU, 51]; (Pali hiri) modesty, conscience (shame).