Verse 3.7.89

Sanskrit text, Unicode transliteration and English translation of verse 3.7.89:

भेदा य एते चत्वारः सामान्येन प्रदर्शिताः ।
ते निमित्तादिभेदेन भिद्यन्ते बहुधा पुनः ॥ ८९ ॥

bhedā ya ete catvāraḥ sāmānyena pradarśitāḥ |
te nimittādibhedena bhidyante bahudhā punaḥ || 89 ||

89. The four kinds (of objectless actions) which have been shown in a general way have many variations because of difference in circumstances etc.

Commentary

It is now stated that, in addition to the four ways mentioned in the previous stanza, there are other ways in which a verb becomes intransitive.

[Read verse 89 above]

[The four ways in which a root becomes intransitive can have many variations because of difference in circumstance, place, time etc. The verb carati = ‘he goes’, is ordinarily transitive, The preposition ut, when added to it, makes it intransitive. Tapati = ‘burns’, is transitive, but uttapate = ‘he shines’ is intransitive. In yāvad bhuktam upatiṣṭhate = ‘he is present whenever it is meal time, the root sthā has become intransitive, though with the preposition upa, it is usually transitive. In nadī vahati, the verb is intransitive because of the nature of the agent, the river. When something becomes karmakartā, the root has only half its original meaning and so becomes intransitive: pacyata odanaḥ svayam eva = ‘the rice cooks by itself’. Similarly when the object is included in the meaning of the root, there are various possibilities. In jīvati, due to the nature of the action, an object is included in it. In putrīyati chātram = ‘he treats his pupil as a son’, it is only at the time of grammatical analysis that the son appears as the object and as the standard of comparison and it is included in the meaning of the verb putrīyati.]

The topic of ‘object’ has now come to an end.

The author now takes up the treatment of the accessory called instrument (karaṇa).