Mandara, Mandāra, Mandarā, Mamdara: 45 definitions

Introduction:

Mandara means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

In Hinduism

Purana and Itihasa (epic history)

Source: Wisdom Library: Mahābhārata

An enourmous mountain of eleven thousand yojanas in height.

"There is a mountain called Mandara adorned with cloud-like peaks. It is the best of mountains, and is covered all over with intertwining herbs. There countless birds pour forth their melodies, and beasts of prey roam about. The gods, the Apsaras and the Kinnaras visit the place. Upwards it rises eleven thousand yojanas, and descends downwards as much. "

Mahabharata, Book I, Section XVIII;

Source: Wisdom Library: Bhavishya-purana

Mandara (मन्दर):—The consequences of using various flowers in worship, (e.g. mandara flowers) leads to destruction of all kinds of leprosy, according to the Bhaviṣya-purāṇa (brahmaparva, 197:1-11)

Source: Wisdom Library: Varāha-purāṇa

1) Mandara (मन्दर) is the name of a mountain on the eastern side of mount Meru, according to the Varāhapurāṇa chapter 75. Meru is one of the seven mountains located in Jambūdvīpa, which is ruled over by Āgnīdhra, a grandson of Svāyambhuva Manu. On the peak of mount Mandara stands a Kadamba tree hosting various devas, asuras and apsaras. The lake in this direction is called Aruṇoda around which are situated eleven mountains.

2) Mandara (मन्दर).—Name of a minor mountain (kṣudraparvata) situated in Bhārata, a region south of mount Meru, according to the Varāhapurāṇa chapter 85. In the settlements (janapada) along these mountains dwell Āryas and Mlecchas who drink water from the rivers flowing there. Meru is one of the seven mountains located in Jambūdvīpa, which is ruled over by Āgnīdhra, a grandson of Svāyambhuva Manu.

3) Mandara (मन्दर) is another name for Kakudhra, one of the seven major mountains in Kuśadvīpa, according to the Varāhapurāṇa chapter 87. Kuśadvīpa is one of the seven islands (dvīpa), ruled over by Vapuṣmān, one of the ten sons of Priyavrata, son of Svāyambhuva Manu.

Svāyambhuva Manu was created by Brahmā, who was in turn created by Nārāyaṇa, the unknowable all-pervasive primordial being

The Varāhapurāṇa is categorised as a Mahāpurāṇa, and was originally composed of 24,000 metrical verses, possibly originating from before the 10th century. It is composed of two parts and Sūta is the main narrator.

Source: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia

1) Mandara (मन्दर).—A tortoise which is a character in the book Pañcatantra. (See under Pañcatantra).

2) Mandara (मन्दर).—A brāhmaṇa who is greatly extolled in Śivapurāṇa. (See under Ṛṣabha).

3) Mandarā (मन्दरा).—One of the wives of Viśvakarmā. The monkey named Nala was the son of Mandarā. This monkey was the chief of those who helped Śrī Rāma to build a bridge to Laṅkā. Viśvakarmā had once blessed Mandarā saying that her son would one day become great. (Sarga 22, Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa).

4) Mandāra (मन्दार).—Eldest son of Hiraṇyakaśipu. Receiving a boon from Śiva he fought with Indra for crores of years. Mahā Viṣṇu’s weapon Cakra and Indra’s weapon Vajra, were smashed to pieces when they hit his strong body. (Mahābhārata Anuśāsana Parva, Chapter 19, Verse 32).

5) Mandāra (मन्दार).—A son of the sage Dhaumya. He married Śamīkā, the virgin daughter of the Brāhmaṇa Aurva who was a native of Mālava land. (Gaṇeśa Purāṇa, 2. 34. 14).

Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation

1) Mandāra (मन्दार) is the name of plant which when grown in wooden vessel (droṇa) is used in the worship of Śiva, according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.1.13:—“[...] then the Ācamana shall be offered and cloth dedicated. Gingelly seeds, barley grains, wheat, green gram or black gram shall then be offered to Śiva with various mantras. Then flowers shall be offered to the five-faced noble soul. Lotuses, rose, Śaṅkha, and Kuśa flowers, Dhattūras, Mandāras grown in a wooden vessel (droṇa), holy basil leaves or Bilva leaves shall be offered to each of the faces in accordance with the previous meditation or according to one’s wish. By all means Śiva favourably disposed to His devotees shall be worshipped with great devotion. If other flowers are not available, Bilva leaves shall be used exclusively in the worship of Śiva”.

2) Mandāra (मन्दार) is the name of a mountain (peak), according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.2.22. Accordingly as Sitā said to Śiva:—“[...] the most unbearable season of the advent of clouds (ghanāgama or jaladāgama) has arrived with clusters of clouds of diverse hues, and their music reverberating in the sky and the various quarters. [...] With the clusters of clouds dark, silvery and red in colour clinging to the Mandara mountain (peak), Himālaya appears as the ocean of milk with the birds of diverse colours”.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index

1a) Mandara (मन्दर).—(Mt.) on one side of Meru; one of Viṣkambhagiris round the Meru; sacred to Śiva; in its valleys Hiraṇyakaśipu performed austerities; used in churning the milk ocean; lest it should sink in the sea Hari in the form of Kūrma supported the mountain; was lifted up with great difficulty by the Gods and Asuras, who could not carry it to the ocean, when Hari asked Garuḍa to bear it on his back to the sea and which he did.1 Recipient of mango fruits as large as hill-tops falling from a divine mango tree, 1100 yojanas high (see Aruṇodā).2 Here Pṛthu died and was cremated.3 (Also known, Mandaragiri and Mandarācalam).

Bhadrāśva varṣa and Caitraratha park in;4 Śiva spent his honeymoon here with Umā after marrying her; Umā's delights in the woods.5

  • 1) Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 9. 51, 56, 60; Bhāgavata-purāṇa I. 3. 16; III. 28. 27; V. 16. 11; VII. 3. 2; 7. 2; VIII. 5. 10; 6. 33-9; X. 40. 18; XII. 13. 2; Matsya-purāṇa 69. 1; 249. 15; 250. 26; 251. 35; Viṣṇu-purāṇa I. 9. 77, 84.
  • 2) Bhāgavata-purāṇa V. 16. 16.
  • 3) Ib. IV. 23. 24.
  • 4) Matsya-purāṇa 83. 20, 31.
  • 5) Ib. 113. 45; 154. 496, 573; 163. 87; 183. 1.

1b) A mountain of Kuśadvīpa, from waters called mandas;1 a son of Meru;2 on the other side of Gandhamādhana; its mahāvṛkṣa is Keturāṭ.3

  • 1) Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 13. 36; 19. 56; Vāyu-purāṇa 36. 19; 42. 14; 45. 90; 49. 51; 101. 288.
  • 2) Ib. 30. 33.
  • 3) Ib. 35. 16.

1c) A mountain in Bhāratavarṣa.*

  • * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa II. 16. 20; III. 27. 28.

1d) A tīrtha sacred to Kāmacāriṇī.*

  • * Matsya-purāṇa 13. 28; 184. 18.

1e) Same as Kakudmān.*

  • * Matsya-purāṇa 122. 61.

1f) A palace of 12 floors; three-fourths of Meru; the toraṇa is 45 hastas.*

  • * Matsya-purāṇa 269. 28, 32, 47.

1g) A mountain in Malayadvīpa.*

  • * Vāyu-purāṇa 48. 23.

1h) A hill on the east of Ilāvṛta.*

  • * Viṣṇu-purāṇa II. 2. 18.

2) Mandāra (मन्दार).—A Śiva gaṇa.*

  • * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa III. 41. 27.
Source: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and places

Mandara (मन्दर) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. II.48.2) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Mandara) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.

Source: Shodhganga: The saurapurana - a critical study

1) Mandara (मन्दर) refers to the son of Meru and Dhāriṇi, according to the Vaṃśa (‘genealogical description’) of the 10th century Saurapurāṇa: one of the various Upapurāṇas depicting Śaivism.—Accordingly, Ākūti was married to Ruci and Prasūti to Dakṣa. Dakṣa produced in Prasūti twenty-four daughters. [...] [Svadhā was given to Pitṛs.] Pitṛ and Svadhā had two daughters—Menā and Dhāriṇi. Dhāriṇi was married to Meru and had a son named Mandara and three daughters—Velā, Niyati and Āyati.

2) Mandara (मन्दर) is the mountain where Śiva explained the nature of his own self.—Accordingly, the nature of Śiva’s own self as explained by himself as well as by the Gods who went to see Śiva on the Mandara mountain, an eulogy of Śiva, description of the Pāśupata-vrata are told in forty five chapter while chapter forty-six contains glories of Śiva and his worship especially in the liṅga-form are described in chapter forty seven, wherein an episode concerning Kubera’s birth and attainment of boon from Śiva is described.

Purana book cover
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The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.

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Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

Source: archive.org: The mirror of gesture (abhinaya-darpana)

One of the Hands indicating Trees.—Mandāra, the Khaṇḍa-catura hand;

Natyashastra book cover
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Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

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Vastushastra (architecture)

Source: Wisdom Library: Vāstu-śāstra

Mandara (मन्दर) refers to classification of a temple/buidling (prāsāda), according to Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra chapter 63. The temple is mentioned being part of the group named Nāgara, which contains twenty different Prāsādas (temples/buildings). The Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra is an 11th-century encyclopedia dealing with various topics from the Vāstuśāstra.

Mandara is found in another list in the Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra, chapter 60, where it is mentioned in a list of thirty-six Prāsādas (temples) having activities of the townsmen entailing Sādhārās.

Mandara is also listed in the Suprabhedāgama, which describes a list of 13 temple types. This list represents the earliest form of the classification of temples in the South Indian Vāstuśāstra literature.

Mandara is also listed in the Īśānaśivagurudevapaddhati which features a list of 52 temple types. This list represents the classification of temples in South-India.

Mandara is also listed in the Matsyapurāṇa which features a list of 20 temple types. This list represents a classification of temples in Nort-India.

Mandara is also listed in the Agnipurāṇa which features a list of 45 temple types. It is listed under the group named Vairāja, featuring square-shaped temples. This list represents a classification of temples in Nort-India.

Source: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (vastu)

Mandara (मन्दर) refers to a “ten-storied” variety of the hundred types of Temples (in ancient Indian architecture), according to the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—It is quite difficult to say about a definite number of varieties of Hindu temples but in the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa hundred varieties of temples have been enumerated. For example, Mandara. These temples are classified according to the particular shape, amount of storeys and other common elements, such as the number of pavilions, doors and roofs.

Vastushastra book cover
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Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्र, vāstuśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.

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Kavya (poetry)

[«previous next»] — Mandara in Kavya glossary
Source: Wisdom Library: Kathāsaritsāgara

1) Mandāra (मन्दार) refers to a type of lake growing in Kuberasarasa at Kailāsa, according to in the Kathāsaritsāgara, chapter 51. Accordingly, as Lava and Kuśa offended sage Vālmīki after killing a deer and playing with a lṅga: “... at Sītā’s intercession he appointed for those youths the following expiatory penance: ‘Let this Lava go quickly and bring from the lake of Kuvera golden lotuses, and mandāra flowers from his garden, then worship, both of you brothers, this liṅga with those flowers; in this way this crime of those two will be atoned for’”.

2) Mandara (मन्दर) is the father of Mataṅginī: one of the five Vidyādhara maidens vowed to take Naravāhanadatta as a husband, as mentioned in the Kathāsaritsāgara, chapter 108. Accordingly, “... and he [Naravāhanadatta] saw those maidens with a blazing fire in front of them; and Vāyuvegayaśas, after dragging them away from it, said to the king: ‘[...] and this third is Mataṅginī, the daughter of Mandara [...] and I am the fifth; all we five, when we saw you performing asceticism in the domain of the Siddhas, were bewildered with love...’”.

The Kathāsaritsāgara (‘ocean of streams of story’), mentioning Mandāra, is a famous Sanskrit epic story revolving around prince Naravāhanadatta and his quest to become the emperor of the vidyādharas (celestial beings). The work is said to have been an adaptation of Guṇāḍhya’s Bṛhatkathā consisting of 100,000 verses, which in turn is part of a larger work containing 700,000 verses.

Source: Shodhganga: A critical appreciation of soddhalas udayasundarikatha

Mandara (मन्दर).—One of the mountains of Jambūdvīpa.—Mandara has been indemnified by Nandolal Dey, on the authority of many Purāṇas, with a hill situated in the Baṅkā sub-divisim of the district of Bhāgalapur. Kālidāsa, however, places this mountain on the Himālayas and the Mahābhārata, unlike most of the Purāṇas mentioned by Nandolal Dey, does not recognise any other Mandara except the Mandara of the Himalaya range.

In the Mahābhārata, Mandara is placed to the east and perhaps a part of Gandhamādana and on the north of Badarikāśrama. Kālidāsa places it in the vicinity of the Kāilāsa and the Gandhamādana.

Kavya book cover
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Kavya (काव्य, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry’ and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry’.

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Chandas (prosody, study of Sanskrit metres)

Source: Shodhganga: a concise history of Sanskrit Chanda literature

Mandara (मन्दर) refers to one of the 130 varṇavṛttas (syllabo-quantitative verse) dealt with in the second chapter of the Vṛttamuktāvalī, ascribed to Durgādatta (19th century), author of eight Sanskrit work and patronised by Hindupati: an ancient king of the Bundela tribe (presently Bundelkhand of Uttar Pradesh). A Varṇavṛtta (e.g., mandara) refers to a type of classical Sanskrit metre depending on syllable count where the light-heavy patterns are fixed.

Chandas book cover
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Chandas (छन्दस्) refers to Sanskrit prosody and represents one of the six Vedangas (auxiliary disciplines belonging to the study of the Vedas). The science of prosody (chandas-shastra) focusses on the study of the poetic meters such as the commonly known twenty-six metres mentioned by Pingalas.

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Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

Source: Shodhganga: The saurapurana - a critical study (shaivism)

Mandāra (मन्दार) refers to one of the various leaves and flowers used in the worship of Śiva, according to the 10th century Saurapurāṇa: one of the various Upapurāṇas depicting Śaivism.—The text refers the following flowers and leaves to be offered to Lord Śiva [viz., Mandāra][...]. It is stated that if a person offers these flowers to Lord Śiva, planting himself, the Lord Himself receives those flowers.

Shaivism book cover
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Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

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Vaishnavism (Vaishava dharma)

Source: Pure Bhakti: Brhad Bhagavatamrtam

Mandara (मन्दर) refers to:—The mountain that was carried on the back of Kurma, the tortoise incarnation of the Lord, during the churning of the Milk Ocean. (cf. Glossary page from Śrī Bṛhad-bhāgavatāmṛta).

Vaishnavism book cover
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Vaishnava (वैष्णव, vaiṣṇava) or vaishnavism (vaiṣṇavism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshipping Vishnu as the supreme Lord. Similar to the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions, Vaishnavism also developed as an individual movement, famous for its exposition of the dashavatara (‘ten avatars of Vishnu’).

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Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)

Source: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram

1) Mandara (मन्दर) refers to “mountain”, according to the Manthānabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjikā.—(cf. Merumandara).—Note: The word ‘mandara-’ may also mean ‘heaven’.

2) Mandara (मन्दर) is the name of a sacred place classified as a Upapīṭha, according to the Manthānabhairavatantra.—The eight seats are the main group of eight groups [i.e., Mandara] of eight types of sacred sites. The figure sixty-four is a common ideal number as it is often configured into eight groups of eight.

3) Mandāra (मन्दार) refers to one of the thirty-six sacred trees, according to the Ṣaṭsāhasrasaṃhitā, an expansion of the Kubjikāmatatantra: the earliest popular and most authoritative Tantra of the Kubjikā cult.—Accordingly, “According to the Kula teaching (these) [i.e., Mandāra] are the most excellent Kula trees that give accomplishments and liberation. (They are full of) Yoginīs, Siddhas, Lords of the Heroes and hosts of gods and demons. [...]”.

Shaktism book cover
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Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.

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General definition (in Hinduism)

Source: Wisdom Library: Hinduism

Mandara (मन्दर) is a Sanskrit word referring to a dwelling place or resort of the celestial nymphs (apsaras). They live chiefly on earth around rivers or on mountains, as in the courts of all the gods.

Source: WikiPedia: Hinduism

Mandara (मंदर): The mountain used as a churning stick in Samudra manthan for churning the ocean using Vasuki nāga as rope by gods on one side and asuras on other side.

In Buddhism

Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)

Source: Pali Kanon: Pali Proper Names

A mountain in Himava, mentioned together with Meru and Daddara. Ap.ii.536, 86; according to the Abhidhanappadipika (606), it is the western mountain, behind which the sun sets.

context information

Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).

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Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism)

Source: Wisdomlib Libary: Vajrayogini

Mandara (मन्दर) is the name of a mountain associated with Gahvara: the northern cremation ground (śmaśāna) according to the Vajravārāhī-sādhana by Umāpatideva as found in te 12th century Guhyasamayasādhanamālā. As a part of this sādhana, the practicioner is to visualize a suitable dwelling place for the goddess inside the circle of protection which takes the form of eight cremation grounds.

Source: OSU Press: Cakrasamvara Samadhi

Māndāra (मान्दार) refers to “mystical”, according to the Guru Mandala Worship (maṇḍalārcana) ritual often performed in combination with the Cakrasaṃvara Samādhi, which refers to the primary pūjā and sādhanā practice of Newah Mahāyāna-Vajrayāna Buddhists in Nepal.—Accordingly, “Jasmine born of spring, a mystical flower species (māndāra-puṣpa-jātikā), Thus beginning joined together, an ascending flower garland”.

Tibetan Buddhism book cover
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Tibetan Buddhism includes schools such as Nyingma, Kadampa, Kagyu and Gelug. Their primary canon of literature is divided in two broad categories: The Kangyur, which consists of Buddha’s words, and the Tengyur, which includes commentaries from various sources. Esotericism and tantra techniques (vajrayāna) are collected indepently.

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In Jainism

General definition (in Jainism)

Source: archive.org: Een Kritische Studie Van Svayambhūdeva’s Paümacariu

Mandara (मन्दर) participated in the war between Rāma and Rāvaṇa, on the side of the latter, as mentioned in Svayambhūdeva’s Paumacariu (Padmacarita, Paumacariya or Rāmāyaṇapurāṇa) chapter 57ff. Svayambhū or Svayambhūdeva (8th or 9th century) was a Jain householder who probably lived in Karnataka. His work recounts the popular Rāma story as known from the older work Rāmāyaṇa (written by Vālmīki). Various chapters [mentioning Mandara] are dedicated to the humongous battle whose armies (known as akṣauhiṇīs) consisted of millions of soldiers, horses and elephants, etc.

Source: archive.org: Trisastisalakapurusacaritra

1) Mandara (मन्दर) is the name of a mountain, as mentioned to chapter 1.2 [ādīśvara-caritra] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.

Accordingly, “[...] Bali, the Asura-lord of Balicañcā, attended by sixty thousand Sāmānikas who had been summoned by the general Mahādruma, who first rang vigorously the bell Mahaughasvarā, and by the fourfold body-guard, the Trāyastriṃśas and the other gods, like Camara, went quickly to mountain Mandara, the home of joy.”.

2) Mandara (मन्दर) is the name of an ancient city, according to the Jain Ramayana and chapter 7.2 [Rāvaṇa’s expedition of conquest].—Accordingly, as Muni Amitagati said to Añjanā (daughter of Hṛdayasundarī and Mahendra): “In Bharatakṣetra of this very Jambūdvīpa in the town Mandara there was a merchant, Priyanandin. By his wife, Jayā, he had a son, Damayanta, devoted to self-control, a depository of arts, like the moon. One day as he was playing in the garden, he saw monks engaged in study and meditation and, pure-minded, listened to dharma from them. [...]”.

General definition book cover
context information

Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.

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India history and geography

Source: archive.org: Geography in Ancient Indian inscriptions

Mandara (मन्दर).—The viṣkambha mountain Mandara occurs in the Nasik eulogy of Gautamīputra Sātakarṇī. who is said to be equal in strength with this mountain along with Himavat and Meru. In the Aphsad Stone inscription of Ādityatena, Mandara is described as a traditional mountain utilized in churning the formidable Milk-ocean. Dr. Sircar enlists this mountain among the western boundaries of Cakravarti-kṣetra, which is mentioned while describing the traditional account ot digvijaya of a certain monarch, in some epigraphic or literary record.

Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana (history)

Mandara (मन्दर) is a mountain in Hindu Mythology for being used as a churning staff by the gods and demons on the occasion of Samudra-Manthana appears to be an important hill comprising beautiful caves. There is still a hill of this name in Banka Sub-division of Bhagalpur district (Bihar). It is noted for the abundance of various metals as well as variety of flora and fauna. It is stated to be a sacred mountain associated with Śiva.—Skanda-purāṇa V. II. 4. 23, 26. There is another mountain of the same name in the Malaya range which being an abode of Gods and Ṛṣis has an Āśrama of Agastya.

Source: Shodhganga: Cultural history as g leaned from kathasaritsagara

Mandara or Vidruma is the name of a tree mentioned in the Kathasaritsagara by Somadeva (10th century A.D).—Mandara refers to the “coral-tree” and is mentioned to beo n the bank of river Mandakini. Another name is Vidruma.

Somadeva mentions many rich forests, gardens, various trees (e.g., Mandara), creepers medicinal and flowering plants and fruit-bearing trees in the Kathasaritsagara. Travel through the thick, high, impregnable and extensive Vindhya forest is a typical feature of many travel-stories. Somadeva’s writing more or less reflects the life of the people of Northern India during the 11th century. His Kathasaritsagara (‘ocean of streams of story’), mentioning Mandara, is a famous Sanskrit epic story revolving around prince Naravahanadatta and his quest to become the emperor of the vidyadharas (celestial beings).

India history book cover
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The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

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Biology (plants and animals)

Source: Wisdom Library: Local Names of Plants and Drugs

Mandara in the Kannada language is the name of a plant identified with Erythrina suberosa Roxb. from the Fabaceae (Pea) family having the following synonyms: Erythrina stricta var. suberosa, Erythrina maxima, Erythrina glabrescens. For the possible medicinal usage of mandara, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.

Mandara [मन्दार] in the Sanskrit language, ibid. previous identification.

Mandara [ಮಂದಾರ] in the Kannada language is the name of a plant identified with Piliostigma malabaricum (Roxb.) Benth. from the Caesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar) family having the following synonyms: Bauhinia malabarica, Bauhinia acida, Bauhinia reniformis.

Mandara in the Marathi language is the name of a plant identified with Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. from the Apocynaceae (Oleander) family having the following synonyms: Asclepias procera, Calotropis wallichii, Madorius procerus.

Mandara [मन्दरा] in the Sanskrit language, ibid. previous identification.

Mandara in the Sanskrit language is the name of a plant identified with Ficus benjamina L. from the Moraceae (Mulberry) family.

Mandara [ಮಂದಾರ] in the Kannada language is the name of a plant identified with Bauhinia tomentosa Bauhinia tomentosa L. from the Caesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar) family.

Source: Google Books: CRC World Dictionary (Regional names)

1) Mandara in India is the name of a plant defined with Bauhinia malabarica in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Casparia castrata (Hassk.) Hassk. (among others).

2) Mandara is also identified with Bauhinia purpurea It has the synonym Bauhinia castrata Blanco (etc.).

3) Mandara is also identified with Bauhinia racemosa It has the synonym Piliostigma racemosum (Lam.) Benth. (etc.).

4) Mandara is also identified with Bauhinia tomentosa It has the synonym Alvesia bauhinioides Welw. (etc.).

5) Mandara is also identified with Bauhinia variegata It has the synonym Bauhinia variegata var. chinensis DC. (etc.).

6) Mandara is also identified with Calotropis gigantea It has the synonym Periploca cochinchinensis Lour. (etc.).

7) Mandara is also identified with Calotropis procera It has the synonym Asclepias gigantea Jacq., nom. illeg. (etc.).

8) Mandara is also identified with Erythrina suberosa It has the synonym Micropteryx sublobata Walp. (etc.).

9) Mandara is also identified with Erythrina variegata It has the synonym Chirocalyx candolleanus Walp. (etc.).

10) Mandara is also identified with Hibiscus rosa-sinensis It has the synonym Hibiscus sinensis hort., non Mill. (etc.).

11) Mandara in South Rhodesia is also identified with Ficus thonningii It has the synonym see Heinrich Christian Friedrich Schumacher, 1757–1830, Beskrivelse af Guineiske Planter som ere fundne af danske botanikere, isaer af Etatsraad Thonning. Kjøbenhaven 1827 (etc.).

12) Mandara in Southern Africa is also identified with Rhamnus prinoides It has the synonym Celtis rhamnifolia Presl, nom. illegit.) (Greek prinos ‘the scarlet oak’, Latin prinus ‘ilex, the holm-oak, great scarlet oak’.

Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):

· Taxon (1977)
· Cat. Fl. Venez. (1945)
· Apontamentos Phytogeographicos (1858)
· Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon (1895)
· Contraception. (2007)
· Proceedings of the Indian Science Congress Association (1992)

If you are looking for specific details regarding Mandara, for example diet and recipes, health benefits, chemical composition, side effects, pregnancy safety, extract dosage, have a look at these references.

Biology book cover
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This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.

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Languages of India and abroad

Pali-English dictionary

[«previous next»] — Mandara in Pali glossary
Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary

mandāra : (m.) name of a mountain.

Pali book cover
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Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.

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Marathi-English dictionary

Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

mandara (मंदर) [or मंदराचल, mandarācala].—m (S) The name of the mountain with which the ocean was churned after the deluge.

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mandāra (मंदार).—m S See the popular form māndāra.

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māndāra (मांदार).—m (mandāra S) The coral tree, Erythrina fulgens. 2 with or without the word ruī affixed or prefixed. Gigantic swallowwort, Asclepias gigantea.

Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

māndāra (मांदार).—m. The coral tree.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

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Sanskrit dictionary

Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Mandara (मन्दर).—a.

1) Slow, tardy, dull.

2) Thick, dense; firm.

3) Large, bulky.

-raḥ 1 Name of a mountain (used by the gods and demons as a churning stick when they churned the ocean for nectar); पृषतैर्मन्दरोद्धूतैः क्षीरोर्मय इवाच्युतम् (pṛṣatairmandaroddhūtaiḥ kṣīrormaya ivācyutam) R.4.27; अभिनवजलसुन्दर धृतमन्दर ए (abhinavajalasundara dhṛtamandara e) Gītagovinda 1; शोभैव मन्दरक्षुब्धक्षुभिताम्भोधिवर्णना (śobhaiva mandarakṣubdhakṣubhitāmbhodhivarṇanā) Śiśupālavadha 2.17; Kirātārjunīya 5.3.

2) A necklace of pearls (of 8 or 16 strings).

3) Heaven.

4) A mirror.

5) One of the five trees in Indra's paradise; see मन्दार (mandāra).

-ram ind. Slowly, sluggishly.

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Mandāra (मन्दार).—[mand-ārak]

1) The coral tree, one of the five trees in Indra's paradise; हस्तप्राप्यस्तबकनमितो बालमन्दार- वृक्षः (hastaprāpyastabakanamito bālamandāra- vṛkṣaḥ) Meghadūta 77,69; V.4.35; वृन्दारकारिविजये सुरलोकलब्ध- मन्दारमाल्यमधुवासितवासभूमिः (vṛndārakārivijaye suralokalabdha- mandāramālyamadhuvāsitavāsabhūmiḥ) Rām. Ch.

2) The plant called Arka, Calotropis Gigantea.

3) The Dhattūra plant.

4) Heaven.

5) An elephant.

-ram A flower of the coral tree; विनिद्रमन्दाररजोरुणाङ्गुली (vinidramandārarajoruṇāṅgulī) Kumārasambhava 5.8; R.6.23.

Derivable forms: mandāraḥ (मन्दारः).

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Māndāra (मान्दार).—A kind of tree.

Derivable forms: māndāraḥ (मान्दारः).

See also (synonyms): māndārava.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary

Maṇḍara (मण्डर).—v.l. °na, pl., name of a brahmanical gotra: Divyāvadāna 635.17.

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Mandara (मन्दर).—name of a yakṣa: Mahā-Māyūrī 76.

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Māndāra (मान्दार).—(compare Sanskrit mandāra), rare, = māndārava, q.v.: Lalitavistara 6.6, so all mss., but Tibetan mandāraba (in Calcutta (see LV.) 318.16 also māndāra but Lefm. 253.21 °rava with all mss.); °ra-mahāmāndāra Śatasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā 322.3; Kāraṇḍavvūha 8.3; 65.4; mān- dāra-mahāmāndāravāṇi (! presumably read māndārava- mahā°) Kāraṇḍavvūha 79.1.

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Māndāra (मान्दार) or Māndāraka.—(va) , always as adj. with puṣpa (so also °rava and other forms): only in Divyāvadāna 158.16; 186.5; 251.9; 327.12.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Mandara (मन्दर).—mfn.

(-raḥ-rā-raṃ) 1. Large, bulky. 2. Slow, sluggish, dull, lazy, &c. m.

(-raḥ) 1. The mountain Mandara, with which the ocean was churned by the Suras, and Asuras, after the deluge, for the purpose of recovering the sacred things lost in it during that period. 2. The Mandara tree, one of the five trees of paradise. 3. Swarga or the paradise of the Hindus. 4. A string of pearls, &c. 5. A mirror. E. madi to please, to be lazy, &c. aran aff.

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Mandāra (मन्दार).—m.

(-raḥ) 1. One of the five trees of Swarga. 2. The coral tree, (Erythrina fulgens.) 3. Swallow wort, (Asclepias gigantea.) E. madi to delight, &c. aff. ārak .

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Mandara (मन्दर).— (cf. manthara, and vb. mand), I. adj. 1. Slow. 2. Large Ii. m. 1. The name of a fabulous mountain with which the ocean was churned, Mahābhārata 1, 1112; [Kirātārjunīya] 5, 30. 2. The mandara tree, one of the trees of paradise. 3. The paradise. 4. A mirror.

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Mandāra (मन्दार).— (vb. mand), m. 1. One of the five trees in Indra's paradise, [Vikramorvaśī, (ed. Bollensen.)] [distich] 6, 127; [Meghadūta, (ed. Gildemeister.)] 73. 2. The coral tree, Erythrina fulgens, [Meghadūta, (ed. Gildemeister.)] 68. 3. Swallow-wort, Asclepias gigantea.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Mandara (मन्दर).—[masculine] [Name] of a sacred mountain, a tree in paradise, & [several] men.

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Mandāra (मन्दार).—[masculine] coral tree (also a tree of paradise, cf. mandara).

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Maṇḍara (मण्डर):—m. or n. [gana] aṅguly-ādi

2) Mandara (मन्दर):—[from mad] a mfn. slow, tardy, sluggish (= manda), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

3) [v.s. ...] large, thick, firm (= bahala), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

4) [v.s. ...] m. a pearl chain consisting of 8 or 16 strings, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

5) [v.s. ...] Name of a sacred mountain (the residence of various deities; it served the gods and Asuras for a churning-stick at the churning of the ocean for the recovery of the Amṛta and thirteen other precious things lost during the deluge), [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.

6) [v.s. ...] heaven (= svarga; cf. meru), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

7) [v.s. ...] a mirror, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

8) [v.s. ...] a kind of metre, [Colebrooke]

9) [v.s. ...] Name of a Brāhman, [Catalogue(s)]

10) [v.s. ...] of a Vidyā-dhara, [Kathāsaritsāgara]

11) [v.s. ...] of a son of Hiraṇya-kaśipu ([Bombay edition] mandāra)

12) [v.s. ...] of a tree of paradise or one of the 5 trees in Indra’s heaven (= mandāra), [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

13) Mandāra (मन्दार):—[from mad] m. (in some meanings also written mandara) the coral tree, Erythrina Indica (also regarded as one of the 5 trees of paradise or Svarga), [Mahābhārata; Kāvya literature] etc.

14) [v.s. ...] a white variety of Calotropis Gigantea, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

15) [v.s. ...] the thorn-apple, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

16) [v.s. ...] heaven, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]

17) [v.s. ...] Name of a son of Hiraṇya-kaśipu, [Mahābhārata] ([Calcutta edition] mandara)

18) [v.s. ...] of a Vidyā-dhara, [Mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇa]

19) [v.s. ...] of a hermitage and desert spot on the right bank of the Ganges where there are said to be 11 sacred pools, [Catalogue(s)]

20) [v.s. ...] of a mountain ([varia lectio] mandara), [Rāmāyaṇa]

21) [from mad] n. = -puṣpa, [Kālidāsa]

22) Mandara (मन्दर):—b See [column]2.

23) Māndāra (मान्दार):—[from mānda] m. a [particular] mystical flower, [Buddhist literature] (cf. mandāra).

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Mandara (मन्दर):—(raḥ) 1. m. The mountain or tree Mandara; a string of pearls; a mirror. a. Bulky; slow, dull.

2) Mandāra (मन्दार):—(raḥ) 1. m. A tree of paradise; a coral tree; swallow-wort.

Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

Mandara (मन्दर) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit words: Maṃdara, Maṃdāra.

[Sanskrit to German]

Mandara in German

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

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Prakrit-English dictionary

Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary

1) Maṃdara (मंदर) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Mandara.

2) Maṃdāra (मंदार) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Mandāra.

context information

Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.

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Kannada-English dictionary

Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Maṃdara (ಮಂದರ):—[noun] the range of voice below the note C in the scale of C Major.

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Maṃdara (ಮಂದರ):—

1) [adjective] not quick in moving; slow.

2) [adjective] thick; dense.

3) [adjective] solid; strong.

4) [adjective] more than or above what is necessary, usual or specified.

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Maṃdara (ಮಂದರ):—

1) [noun] name of a mythological mountain.

2) [noun] Kailāsa, the abode of Śiva, in Himalayas.

3) [noun] the abode of gods; the Heaven.

4) [noun] the tree Erythrina variegata (var. orientalis) ( = E. indica var. albiflora) of Papilionaceae family; variegated Indian coral tree.

5) [noun] the moderate-sized Evergreen tree Bauhinia malabarica of Caesalpiniaceae family; pink bauhinia.

6) [noun] (arch.) a kind of chariot (as in some jain temples).

7) [noun] a pearl chain consisting of eight or sixteen strings.

8) [noun] (jain.) name of one of the mountains on which gods perform panca kalyāṇas (five kinds of consecrations) to a Tīrthaṃkara, a spiritual teacher.

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Maṃdāra (ಮಂದಾರ):—

1) [noun] the tree Erythrina variegata (var. orientalis) ( = E. indica var. albiflora) of Papilionaceae family; variegated Indian coral tree.

2) [noun] the moderate-sized Evergreen tree Bauhinia malabarica of Caesalpiniaceae family; pink bauhinia.

3) [noun] the plant Calogropis gigantea (var. albiflora) of Asciepiadaceae family.

4) [noun] the plant Datura stramonium of Solanaceae family.

5) [noun] the abode of gods; the heaven.

6) [noun] an elephant.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

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Nepali dictionary

Source: unoes: Nepali-English Dictionary

Mandāra (मन्दार):—n. 1. the coral tree; one of the five trees in Indra's paradise; 2. the plant called 'Arka'; 3. the Dhattura tree; 4. heaven; 5. an elephant; 6. name of a son of Hiranya Kasyapu;

context information

Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.

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