Jivana, Jīvana: 32 definitions
Introduction:
Jivana means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Buddhism, Pali, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Nyaya (school of philosophy)
Source: Shodhganga: A study of Nyāya-vaiśeṣika categoriesJīvana (जीवन) or Jīvanapūrvaka refers to “ [effort arising from] just living” and represents one of two types of Prayatna (effort) according to the Vaiśeṣikadarśanam with Praśastapādabhāṣya.—According to Praśastapāda, prayatna is of two kinds, viz., jīvana-pūrvaka and icchādveṣa-pūrvaka. The first one is that which arises from just living and the second one arises from desire and aversion.
Nyaya (न्याय, nyaya) refers to a school of Hindu philosophy (astika), drawing its subject-matter from the Upanishads. The Nyaya philosophy is known for its theories on logic, methodology and epistemology, however, it is closely related with Vaisheshika in terms of metaphysics.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Rasashastra (Alchemy and Herbo-Mineral preparations)
Source: Wisdom Library: Rasa-śāstraJīvana (जीवन) or Jīvanarasa is the name of an Ayurvedic recipe defined in the fourth volume of the Rasajalanidhi (chapter 4, ajīrṇa: indigestion). These remedies are classified as Iatrochemistry and form part of the ancient Indian science known as Rasaśāstra (medical alchemy). However, since it is an ayurveda treatment it should be taken with caution and in accordance with rules laid down in the texts.
Accordingly, when using such recipes (e.g., jīvana-rasa): “the minerals (uparasa), poisons (viṣa), and other drugs (except herbs), referred to as ingredients of medicines, are to be duly purified and incinerated, as the case may be, in accordance with the processes laid out in the texts.” (see introduction to Iatro chemical medicines)
Nighantu (Synonyms and Characteristics of Drugs and technical terms)
Source: WorldCat: Rāj nighaṇṭuJīvana (जीवन) is another name for Jīvaka, a medicinal plant possibly identified with Microstylis wallichii Lindl., which is a synonym of Crepidium acuminatum (D.Don) Szlach. from the Orchidaceae or “orchid” family of flowering plants, according to verse 5.11-13 of the 13th-century Raj Nighantu or Rājanighaṇṭu. The fifth chapter (parpaṭādi-varga) of this book enumerates sixty varieties of smaller plants (kṣudra-kṣupa). Together with the names Jīvana and Jīvaka, there are a total of sixteen Sanskrit synonyms identified for this plant.
Unclassified Ayurveda definitions
Source: archive.org: Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita (first 5 chapters)Jīvana (जीवन) refers to “vitalizing”, as mentioned in verse 5.1-2 of the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Sūtrasthāna) by Vāgbhaṭa.—Accordingly, “[...] vitalizing [viz., jīvana], refreshing, pleasing one’s stomach, satisfying, stimulating one’s intellect, thin, of indistinct taste, savoury, cold, light, (and) nectar-like (is) Ganges water fallen from the sky; (as it is), however, touched by sun, moon, and wind (in falling), it is largely dependent upon place and time so far as its wholesomeness and unwholesomeness are concerned”.
Source: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of termsJīvana (जीवन):—1. Life 2. To give life, one of the functions of Rakta Dhātu.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Source: Wisdom Library: ŚāktismJīvana (जीवन) refers to “giving life” and represents one of the ten purifying rites of mantras, according to the 11th century Kulārṇava-tantra: an important scripture of the Kaula school of Śāktism traditionally stated to have consisted of 125.000 Sanskrit verses.—Accordingly, as Īśvara says to Śrī Devī: “For those who do japa without knowing these [sixty defects: ...], there is no realization even with millions and billions of japa. Oh My Beloved! there are ten processes [i.e., jīvana—giving life] for eradicating defects in Mantras as described. [...] Just as the weapons rubbed on the stone are sharp, so the Mantras subjected to these ten processes acquire power”.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)
Source: SOAS University of London: Protective Rites in the Netra TantraJīvana (जीवन) refers to “(giving) life”, according to the Netratantra of Kṣemarāja: a Śaiva text from the 9th century in which Śiva (Bhairava) teaches Pārvatī topics such as metaphysics, cosmology, and soteriology.—Accordingly, [verse 22.10cd-13]—“[...] Thus, [the mantra] is called “netra”, because [it] protects. It is called netra [because] it leads to mokṣa. It shall save [the disciple] from the great terror. It is called netra from the roots leading and saving. [Moreover,] it is said to be netra, being that which gives life (jīvana) to all creatures. [Just as netra in the sense of the eye makes everything clear because it illuminates everything, it is also referred to as netrabhūta, from this [comes] all life]. Parameśvara is like the Lord [i.e., the owner or controller] of the entire multitude of all mantras”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Gitashastra (science of music)
Source: Shodhganga: Elements of Art and Architecture in the Trtiyakhanda of the Visnudharmottarapurana (gita)Jivana (जिवन) refers to one of the Forty-nine kinds of Tānas (in Indian music), according to the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, an ancient Sanskrit text which (being encyclopedic in nature) deals with a variety of cultural topics such as arts, architecture, music, grammar and astronomy.—Tāna refers to “that which spreads” (being dependent on mūrcchanā), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra. In the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa, only forty nine kinds of tānas are accepted under three grāmas viz., madhyama, ṣaḍja and gāndhāra. The ṣaḍjagrāma contains twenty tānas [e.g., jivana].
Gitashastra (गीतशास्त्र, gītaśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of Music (gita or samgita), which is traditionally divided in Vocal music, Instrumental music and Dance (under the jurisdiction of music). The different elements and technical terms are explained in a wide range of (often Sanskrit) literature.
Yoga (school of philosophy)
Source: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason BirchJīvana (जीवन) refers to “living”, according to the Amanaska Yoga treatise dealing with meditation, absorption, yogic powers and liberation.—Accordingly, as Īśvara says to Vāmadeva: “[...] In sleep, a portion of consciousness is lost and in wakefulness, there is grasping at sense objects. The wise know that there is an inner reality beyond sleep and wakefulness. The knowers of the highest reality know that the highest reality is beyond the duality of existence and non-existence, passes beyond [both] sleep and waking and is free from dying and living (jīvana) [mṛtyujīvananirmuktaṃ]. [...]”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Mantrashastra (the science of Mantras)
Source: Wisdom Library: MantrashastraJīvana (जीवन, “animation”) refers to one of the mantra-defect elimination methods which consist in performing purification rites (saṃskāra), according to the Kulārṇava-tantra verse 15.71-2 and Śaradātilaka verse 2.114-22.—Animation (jīvana) is described as:—The practitioner recites each syllable of the mantra separately, preceded by the syllable aṃ. [unverified translation!]
Mantrashastra (शिल्पशास्त्र, mantraśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science of mantras—chants, incantations, spells, magical hymns, etc. Mantra Sastra literature includes many ancient books dealing with the methods reciting mantras, identifying and purifying its defects and the science behind uttering or chanting syllables.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: academia.edu: Tessitori Collection IJīvaṇa (जीवण) was the copyist of a manuscript of the Ghaṇṭākarṇamahāvīrastotra (dealing with early teachers, Gods or Goddesses), which is included in the collection of manuscripts at the ‘Vincenzo Joppi’ library, collected by Luigi Pio Tessitori during his visit to Rajasthan between 1914 and 1919.—The reader for whom the manuscript was copied is a female lay-follower named Sūjī. the copyist was a monk, named Jīvaṇa, pupil of a monk named Sadāraṃga, to whom homage is paid at the beginning of the manuscript. The format of the names of the monks suggests that they belonged to the Sthānakavāsin monastic order.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical GlossaryJīvana.—(SITI), maintenance; cf. jīvaṇa-śiṣa. See also bhṛtyebhyo jīvanam kartuṃ (Ep. Ind., Vol. XXXV, pp. 109-10). Note: jīvana is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)
Source: Wisdom Library: Local Names of Plants and DrugsJivana in the Sanskrit language is the name of a plant identified with Cicer arietinum L. from the Fabaceae (Pea) family. For the possible medicinal usage of jivana, you can check this page for potential sources and references, although be aware that any some or none of the side-effects may not be mentioned here, wether they be harmful or beneficial to health.
Source: Google Books: CRC World Dictionary (Regional names)Jivana in India is the name of a plant defined with Cicer arietinum in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Ononis crotalariodes M.E. Jones (among others).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Bot. Handb.. (1796)
· Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History, Botanical series (1937)
· Contributions to Western Botany (1929)
· Taxon (1984)
· A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon (1980)
· Species Plantarum (1753)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Jivana, for example diet and recipes, pregnancy safety, health benefits, side effects, chemical composition, extract dosage, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionaryjīvana : (nt.) living; means of subsistence; livelihood.
Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English DictionaryJīvana, (nt.) living, means of subsistence, livelihood PvA. 161. Spelt jīvāna (v. l. jīvino) (adj.) at J. III, 353 (yācana°). (Page 285)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionaryjīvana (जीवन).—n (S) Living, existing, subsisting. 2 Any means of life, immediate or remote,--any provision or food, or any profession or business: also the pabulum or aliment of anything. Ex. agnīcēṃ jī0 vāyu; divyācēṃ jī0 tēla; jhāḍāñcēṃ jī0 pāṇī. 3 Water. Ex. lāhanaca disē tayācā sāṇṭā || parī jī0 kāḍhitāṃ na yē tōṭā ||. 4 Used in comp. as a in the sense Lifegiving. Ex. tēṃ jīvananāma japata || tēthēṃ baisalā dhyānastha ||. jī0 ghālaṇēṃ To inject or to bestow life. Ex. kari rāmakathānirōpaṇa || tyāsīṃ jī0 ghālīna mī ||.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishjīvana (जीवन).—n Living, existing. Any means of life. Water.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryJīvana (जीवन).—a. (-nī f.) [जीव् भावे ल्युट् (jīv bhāve lyuṭ)] Enlivening, giving life.
-naḥ 1 A living being.
2) Wind.
3) A son.
4) The Supreme Being; बीजानां प्रभव नमोऽस्तु जीवनाय (bījānāṃ prabhava namo'stu jīvanāya) Kirātārjunīya 18. 39.
-nam 1 Life, existence; (fig. also) त्वमसि मम भूषणं त्वमसि मम जीवनम् (tvamasi mama bhūṣaṇaṃ tvamasi mama jīvanam) Gītagovinda 1.
2) The principle of life, vital energy; Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 7.9.
3) Water; बीजानां प्रभव नमोऽस्तु जीव- नाय (bījānāṃ prabhava namo'stu jīva- nāya) Kirātārjunīya 18.39; or जीवनं जीवनं (jīvanaṃ jīvanaṃ) (life) हन्ति प्राणान् हन्ति समी- रणः (hanti prāṇān hanti samī- raṇaḥ) Udb.
4) Livelihood, profession, means of existence (fig. also); Manusmṛti 11.77; विदुषां जीवनं मूर्खः (viduṣāṃ jīvanaṃ mūrkhaḥ) H.3.33.
5) Butter made from milk one day old.
6) Marrow.
7) Enlivening, making alive.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryJīvana (जीवन).—m.
(-naḥ) 1. A plant, commonly Jiuti, (Odina wodier.) 2. A son. 3. A living being, an animal. f. (-nā or -nī) A plant, commonly Jiyati: see jīvantī. f. (-nī) 1. Jasmin. 2. giving life. n.
(-naṃ) 1. Life, existence. 2. Livelihood, profession. 3. Water. 4. Butter of new one day-old milk. 5. Marrow. 6. Wind. E. jīv to live, affix lyu or karaṇe vā bhāve lyuṭ. .
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryJīvana (जीवन).—[jīv + ana], I. adj., f. nī, Animating, enlivening, Mahābhārata 1, 3241. Ii. n. Life, [Rāmāyaṇa] 4, 19, 19. 2. Subsistence, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 11, 76. 3. A means of subsistence, Mahābhārata 3, 13724. 4. Revivification, [Rāmāyaṇa] 6, 105.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryJīvana (जीवन).—[feminine] ī causing to live, vivifying; [neuter] life, existence, mode of life; livelihood, subsistence (adj. —° living on); making alive, enlivening; water.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Aufrecht Catalogus CatalogorumJīvana (जीवन) as mentioned in Aufrecht’s Catalogus Catalogorum:—Quoted by Keśava in Dvaitapariśiṣṭa.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Jīvana (जीवन):—[from jīv] mf(ī)n. vivifying, giving life, enlivening, [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa ii, 3, i, 10; Mahābhārata] (said of wind, the sun, etc.; of Śiva[, xiii, 1236]), [Bhāgavata-purāṇa x; Kathāsaritsāgara]
2) [v.s. ...] m. a living being, [Horace H. Wilson]
3) [v.s. ...] wind, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) [v.s. ...] a son, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) [v.s. ...] the plant kṣudraphalaka, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) [v.s. ...] the plant jīvaka, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) [v.s. ...] Name of the author of Mānasa-nayana
8) [v.s. ...] n. life, [Ṛg-veda i, 48, 10; x, 161, 1; Atharva-veda; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa] ix etc.
9) [v.s. ...] manner of living, [Taittirīya-saṃhitā vi, 1, 9, 4]
10) [v.s. ...] living by ([instrumental case] or in [compound]), livelihood, means of living, [Manu-smṛti; Yājñavalkya iii; Mahābhārata] etc.
11) [v.s. ...] enlivening, making alive, [Rāmāyaṇa vi, 105; Kathāsaritsāgara lxxvi, 25; Aṣṭāṅga-hṛdaya]
12) [v.s. ...] enlivening a magical formula, [Sarvadarśana-saṃgraha xv, 254 and 256]
13) [v.s. ...] ‘life-giving element’, water, [Bhāgavata-purāṇa x, 20, 6; Rājataraṅgiṇī v, 416]
14) [v.s. ...] fresh butter, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
15) [v.s. ...] milk, [Demetrius Galanos’s Lexiko: sanskritikes, anglikes, hellenikes]
16) [v.s. ...] marrow, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
17) Jīvanā (जीवना):—[from jīvana > jīv] f. Name of a medicinal plant, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryJīvana (जीवन):—(naṃ) 1. n. Life; livelihood; a son; water; butter; marrow. m. Living being; plant. f. (nā) Marrow; (tī) jasmin.
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Jīvana (जीवन) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Jīvaṇa.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryJīvana (जीवन) [Also spelled jivan]:—(nm) life; animation; existence; -[krama] the journey of life; living; ~[carita] biography; ~[caritakāra] a biographer; ~[caryā] living; routine of life; -[dāna] sacrifice of life; (commitment) to spare somebody’s life; ~[dhana] the basic wealth of life; a woman’s husband; -[naiyā/naukā] the ship of life; -[maraṇa] life and death; •[cakra] the life and death-cycle; -[vṛtta/vṛttāṃta] biography, bio-data; -[śakti] elan vital, vitality; -[saṃgharṣa] struggle for life; struggle for existence; -[saṃdhyā] the evening of one’s life—the last phase of life; -[stara] standard of living; ~[hīna] lifeless; insipid; ~[hetu] livelihood; the basis of existence; —[bhāra honā] life to become a burden.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionaryJīvaṇa (जीवण) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Jīvana.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusJīvana (ಜೀವನ):—
1) [noun] the state or fact of existing; existence of a living being.
2) [noun] the general or universal condition of human existence; life.
3) [noun] the period of existence of a living being.
4) [noun] the course of existence or sum of experiences and actions that constitute a person’s existence.
5) [noun] a mode or manner of existence, as in the world of affairs or society.
6) [noun] a means of supporting one’s existence, esp. financially or vocationally; livelihood.
7) [noun] the act of makeing the life of a person active, vigorous or lively; a filling with life and energy; invigoration.
8) [noun] water.
9) [noun] a man who invigorates (another).
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
Nepali dictionary
Source: unoes: Nepali-English DictionaryJīvana (जीवन):—n. life; existence;
Nepali is the primary language of the Nepalese people counting almost 20 million native speakers. The country of Nepal is situated in the Himalaya mountain range to the north of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+70): Jeevanapaddati, Jeevanasangram, Jivana sharman, Jivana-shesha, Jivanacaritra, Jivanacaritre, Jivanacarya, Jivanada, Jivanadana, Jivanadarsha, Jivanadarshana, Jivanadasaka, Jivanadayi, Jivanadayini, Jivanadhana, Jivanadhar, Jivanadhara, Jivanadi, Jivanadrishti, Jivanaga.
Ends with (+73): Ajajivana, Ajivana, Akimcanajivana, Anandasamjivana, Annajivana, Ashvajivana, Astrajivana, Atijivana, Balasamjivana, Bharopajivana, Bhavyajivana, Bhedojjivana, Bhedoktijivana, Chatrajivana, Citrakayajivana, Dasajivana, Dharmajivana, Dharmmajivana, Gutukujivana, Hatajivana.
Full-text (+132): Mrigajivana, Jivanavasa, Nagajivana, Ajivana, Tarujivana, Jivananta, Jivanahetu, Jivanavidambana, Jivanayoni, Prajivana, Jivanopaya, Meghajivaka, Vrishtijivana, Dharmajivana, Jivanata, Pratijivana, Nikritijivana, Jivanaghata, Rupajivana, Annajivana.
Relevant text
Search found 62 books and stories containing Jivana, Jīvana, Jīvanā, Jīvaṇa; (plurals include: Jivanas, Jīvanas, Jīvanās, Jīvaṇas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Shrimad Bhagavad-gita (by Narayana Gosvami)
Verse 7.9 < [Chapter 7 - Vijñāna-Yoga (Yoga through Realization of Transcendental Knowledge)]
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 2.1.7 < [Chapter 1 - Description of the Entrance in Vṛndāvana]
Verse 2.14.3 < [Chapter 14 - Description of Kāliya’s Story]
Verse 5.19.31 < [Chapter 19 - The Festival on Śrī Kṛṣṇa Return]
Brihad Bhagavatamrita (commentary) (by Śrī Śrīmad Bhaktivedānta Nārāyana Gosvāmī Mahārāja)
Verse 1.5.35 < [Chapter 5 - Priya (the beloved devotees)]
Verse 1.5.82 < [Chapter 5 - Priya (the beloved devotees)]
Verse 1.1.70-72 < [Chapter 1 - Bhauma (the earthly plane)]
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
Sahitya-kaumudi by Baladeva Vidyabhushana (by Gaurapada Dāsa)
Text 7.68 < [Chapter 7 - Literary Faults]
Text 4.76 < [Chapter 4 - First-rate Poetry]
Text 11.34 < [Chapter 11 - Additional Ornaments]
Śrī Śrī Rādhikā Aṣṭottara-Śata-Nāma-Stotraṃ (by Śrīla Raghunātha Dāsa Gosvāmi)
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