Durmukha, Dur-mukha: 24 definitions
Introduction:
Durmukha means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, Marathi. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: Wisdom Library: Skanda-puranaDurmukha (दुर्मुख, “ugly joy”) refers to one of the fifty-six vināyakas located at Kāśī (Vārāṇasī), and forms part of a sacred pilgrimage (yātrā), described in the Kāśīkhaṇḍa (Skanda-purāṇa 4.2.57). He is also known as Durmukhavināyaka, Durmukhagaṇeśa and Durmukhavighneśa. These fifty-six vināyakas are positioned at the eight cardinal points in seven concentric circles (8x7). They center around a deity named Ḍhuṇḍhirāja (or Ḍhuṇḍhi-vināyaka) positioned near the Viśvanātha temple, which lies at the heart of Kāśī, near the Gaṅges. This arrangement symbolises the interconnecting relationship of the macrocosmos, the mesocosmos and the microcosmos.
Durmukha is positioned in the Western corner of the seventh circle of the kāśī-maṇḍala. According to Rana Singh (source), his shrine is located at “Near No. 52 (durmukha), CK 34 / 60”. Worshippers of Durmukha will benefit from his quality, which is defined as “the relief giver from the depression by ugly face”. His coordinates are: Lat. 25.18662, Lon. 83.00638 (or, 25°11'11.8"N, 83°00'23.0"E) (Google maps)
Durmukha, and the other vināyakas, are described in the Skandapurāṇa (the largest of the eighteen mahāpurāṇas). This book narrates the details and legends surrounding numerous holy pilgrimages (tīrtha-māhātmya) throughout India. It is composed of over 81,000 metrical verses with the core text dating from the before the 4th-century CE.
Source: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia1) Durmukha (दुर्मुख).—A minister of Mahiṣāsura. Once he was sent to Bhadrakālī with a message by his master. (Devī Bhāgavata, Pañcama Skandha).
2) Durmukha (दुर्मुख).—One of the hundred sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra. The following information about him is gathered from the Mahābhārata.
2) He was present at the Svayaṃvara of Draupadī. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 185, Verse 1).
2) During the procession to Dvaitavana, Gandharvas took him captive. (Vana Parva, Chapter 242, Verse 12).
2) In the great war he fought with Sahadeva. (Bhīṣma Parva, Chapter 85, Verse 25).
2) He killed Arjuna’s charioteer. (Bhīṣma Parva, Chapter 47, Verse 12).
2) He defeated Śrutakarman. (Bhīṣma Parva, Chapter 79, Verse 35).
2) He was defeated by Abhimanyu. (Bhīṣma Parva, Chapter 84, Verse 42).
2) A duel was fought between Durmukha and Ghaṭotkaca. (Bhīṣma Parva, Chapter 110, Verse 13).
2) Duel fought between Durmukha and Dhṛṣṭadyumna. (Droṇa Parva, Chapter 20, Verse 26).
2) He fought with Purujit. (Droṇa Parva, Chapter 106, Verse 13).
2) He was defeated in fight with Sahadeva. (Droṇa Parva, Chapter 107, Verse 25).
2) Bhīmasena killed him in war. (Droṇa Parva, Chapter 134, Verse 20).
2) After the war his beautiful palace was occupied by Sahadeva. (Śānti Parva, Chapter 44, Verse 12).
3) Durmukha (दुर्मुख).—A King who flourished in the assembly of Yudhiṣṭhira. (Sabhā Parva, Chapter 4, Verse 21).
4) Durmukha (दुर्मुख).—A Rākṣasa, who was a member in Rāvaṇa’s assembly. (Sabhā Parva, Chapter, 9, Verse 13). According to the Uttararāmāyaṇa he was the son of a Rākṣasa called Mālyavān by his wife Sundarī, and he had Vajramuṣṭi, Virūpākṣa, Suptaghna, Yajñakośa, Matta and Unmatta as brothers and Nalā and Ketumatī as sisters.
5) Durmukha (दुर्मुख).—A serpent. It was also present among the serpents, which had come to Prabhāsakṣetra to receive Balarāma who, after death, went to Pātālaloka. (Mausala Parva, Chapter, 4, Verse 16).
6) Durmukha (दुर्मुख).—An asura on the side of Mahiṣāsura. Tāmra, finance minister of Mahiṣāsura sent Durmukha with Bāṣkala to fight against Devī, who killed him. (Devībhāgavata, Skandhas 5, 13). In his previous life he was one of the Paulastyas. (Ādi Parva, Chapter 61).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index1a) Durmukha (दुर्मुख).—A Rākṣasa killed in the Laṅkā war.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IX. 10. 18.
1b) A Kādraveya Nāga.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa III. 7. 35; Matsya-purāṇa 6. 41; Vāyu-purāṇa 69. 71.
1c) A son of Khaśa and a Rākṣasa.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa III. 7. 136; Vāyu-purāṇa 69. 167.
1d) A Vighnanāyaka.*
- * Brahmāṇḍa-purāṇa IV. 27. 81.
1e) A son of Suhotrī, the avatār of the Lord.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 23. 127.
Durmukha (दुर्मुख) is a name mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. I.61.83) and represents one of the many proper names used for people and places. Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Durmukha) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)
Source: Wisdom Library: Brihat Samhita by VarahamihiraDurmukha (दुर्मुख) refers to the thirtieth of the sixty-year cycle of Jupiter, according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 8), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “The five years of the next yuga are—1. Nandana, 2. Vijaya, 3. Jaya, 4. Manmatha, 5. Durmukha: during the first three years there will be happiness in the land; in Manmatha mankind will feel neither happy, nor miserable and in the year Durmukha they will feel miserable”.
Source: The effect of Samvatsaras: SatvargasDurmukha (दुर्मुख) or Durmukhi refers to the thirtieth saṃvatsara (“jovian year)” in Vedic astrology.—The native who is born in the ‘samvatsara’ of ‘durmukha’ is cruel, of cheating nature, is endowed with reprehensible or blameworthy mentality, is avaricious, has a curved mouth and curved hands and feet, remains engrossed in sins, has ideas which are opposed to those of others and is extremely villainous and wicked.
According with Jataka Parijata, the person born in the year durmukha (2016-2017 AD) will be void of virtue and wealth and will be immoral.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)
Source: Shodhganga: Iconographical representations of Śiva (shaktism)Durmukha (दुर्मुख) or Durmukhatantra refers to one of the thirty-three Dakṣiṇatantras, belonging to the Śāktāgama (or Śāktatantra) division of the Āgama tradition. The Śāktāgamas represent the wisdom imparted by Devī to Īśvara and convey the idea that the worship of Śakti is the means to attain liberation. According to the Pratiṣṭhālakṣaṇasamuccaya of Vairocana, the Śāktatantras are divided into to four parts, the Durmukha-tantra belonging to the Dakṣiṇa class.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Veterinary Medicine (The study and treatment of Animals)
Source: Shodhganga: Portrayal of Animal Kingdom (Tiryaks) in Epics An Analytical studyDurmukha (दुर्मुख) (lit. “one who is ugly faced”) is a synonym (another name) for the Horse (Aśva), according to scientific texts such as the Mṛgapakṣiśāstra (Mriga-pakshi-shastra) or “the ancient Indian science of animals and birds” by Hamsadeva, containing the varieties and descriptions of the animals and birds seen in the Sanskrit Epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
General definition (in Hinduism)
Source: WikiPedia: HinduismDurmukha (दुर्मुख): A chariot-borne warrior on the Kaurava side.
In Buddhism
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the GaganagañjaparipṛcchāDurmukha (दुर्मुख) (Tibetan. bźin mi sdug pa, “ugly-faced”) refers to the head of Māra’s five-hundred sons, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly, ‘At that time, Durmukha who was the head of five hundred sons of the Māra, lacking faith and desiring the non-dharma, said: ‘Even though our father produced the thought of awakening, we should strive against this exposition of the dharma’. Then the Lord said this to the Bodhisattva Gaganagañja: ‘Son of good family, elucidate the verse of knowledge-mantras by which the evil ones as numerous as the grains of sand in the river Gaṅga are subjugated and established in awakening’. The Bodhisattva Gaganagañja thereupon pronounced the words of knowledge-mantras as follows: ‘[...]’”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: archive.org: Een Kritische Studie Van Svayambhūdeva’s PaümacariuDurmukha (दुर्मुख) participated in the war between Rāma and Rāvaṇa, on the side of the latter, as mentioned in Svayambhūdeva’s Paumacariu (Padmacarita, Paumacariya or Rāmāyaṇapurāṇa) chapter 57ff. Svayambhū or Svayambhūdeva (8th or 9th century) was a Jain householder who probably lived in Karnataka. His work recounts the popular Rāma story as known from the older work Rāmāyaṇa (written by Vālmīki). Various chapters [mentioning Durmukha] are dedicated to the humongous battle whose armies (known as akṣauhiṇīs) consisted of millions of soldiers, horses and elephants, etc.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
Languages of India and abroad
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionarydurmukha (दुर्मुख).—a (S) Of a sullen or sour countenance or temper. 2 Foul-mouthed, scurrilous, vituperative. Ex. durmukhī strīcā tyāga karūna || sanyāsa grahaṇa karāvā ||.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishdurmukha (दुर्मुख).—a Of a sullen or sour counte- nance or temper. Foul-mouthed.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryDurmukha (दुर्मुख).—a.
1) having a bad face, hideous, ugly; Bhartṛhari 1.9.
2) foul-mouthed, abusive, scurrilous; Bhartṛhari 2.69. (-khaḥ) 1 a horse.
2) Name of Śiva.
3) Name of a serpent king (Nm.)
4) Name of a monkey (Nm.)
5) Name of a year (29th year out of 6 years cycle).
Durmukha is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms dur and mukha (मुख).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Edgerton Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit DictionaryDurmukha (दुर्मुख).—name of a (brahmanical) sage (ṛṣi): Divyāvadāna 211.24; 217.19; Mūla-Sarvāstivāda-Vinaya i.93.15.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryDurmukha (दुर्मुख).—mfn.
(-khaḥ-khā-khī-khaṃ) 1. Scurrilous, foul-mouthed. 2. Hideous ugly. m. (khaḥ) 1. One of the monkey chiefs. 2. One of the principal Nagas or serpents. 3. A horse. 4. An Asura. E. dur bad, ill, mukha mouth or face.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryDurmukha (दुर्मुख).—I. adj., f. khī. 1. hideous, [Bhartṛhari, (ed. Bohlen.)] 1, 89. 2. foul-mouthed, scurrilous, ib. 2, 59. Ii. m. a proper name, Mahābhārata 2, 116.
Durmukha is a Sanskrit compound consisting of the terms dus and mukha (मुख).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryDurmukha (दुर्मुख).—[feminine] ī having an ugly face or a foul mouth; [masculine] a man’s name.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Durmukha (दुर्मुख):—[=dur-mukha] [from dur] mf(ī)n. ugly-faced, [Mahābhārata; Rāmāyaṇa] etc.
2) [v.s. ...] foul-mouthed, abusive, scurrilous, [Bhartṛhari ii, 59]
3) [v.s. ...] m. a horse, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
4) [v.s. ...] a serpent, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
5) [v.s. ...] Name of the 29th year of the cycle of Jupiter (lasting 60 years), [Varāha-mihira; Sūryasiddhānta]
6) [v.s. ...] of a prince of the Pañcālas, [Aitareya-brāhmaṇa viii, 23]
7) [v.s. ...] of a son of Dhṛta-rāṣṭra, [Mahābhārata i etc.]
8) [v.s. ...] of an astronomer, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
9) [v.s. ...] of a serpent-demon, [Mahābhārata; Harivaṃśa]
10) [v.s. ...] of a Rakṣas, [Rāmāyaṇa; Bhāgavata-purāṇa]
11) [v.s. ...] of a Yakṣa, [Brahma-purāṇa]
12) [v.s. ...] of a monkey, [Rāmāyaṇa]
13) [v.s. ...] of a general of the Asura Mahiṣa, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryDurmukha (दुर्मुख):—[dur-mukha] (khaḥ-khā-khaṃ) a. Scurrilous; hideous. m. A monkey; a serpent chief; a horse; a demon.
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Durmukha (दुर्मुख) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Dummuha.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusDurmukha (ದುರ್ಮುಖ):—
1) [adjective] having an ugly face.
2) [adjective] speaking foul, offensive language.
--- OR ---
Durmukha (ದುರ್ಮುಖ):—
1) [noun] he who uses offensive language.
2) [noun] he who or that whose face is ugly.
3) [noun] he who dislikes, abhors good suggestion or advice.
4) [noun] name of the thirtieth year in the cycle of sixty years.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Partial matches: Dur, Mukha, Dush.
Starts with: Durmukhacarya, Durmukhaganesha, Durmukhala, Durmukhanem, Durmukhatantra, Durmukhavighnesha, Durmukhavinayaka.
Ends with: Adurmukha, Sudurmukha.
Full-text (+18): Daurmukhi, Durmukhacarya, Tunmukan, Durmukhi, Pingaksha, Durmukhala, Durmukhanem, Dummuha, Suhotri, Sundari, Durmukhatantra, Vajramushti, Nandana, Manmatha, Matta, Purujit, Durmukhavighnesha, Samvatsara, Durmukhavinayaka, Durmukhaganesha.
Relevant text
Search found 26 books and stories containing Durmukha, Dur-mukha, Dus-mukha; (plurals include: Durmukhas, mukhas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
The Devi Bhagavata Purana (by Swami Vijñanananda)
Chapter 13 - On the killing of Vāskala and Durmukha < [Book 5]
Chapter 14 - On the killing of Tāmra and Cikṣura < [Book 5]
Chapter 12 - On the holding of counsel by Mahiṣāsura < [Book 5]
Mahabharata (English) (by Kisari Mohan Ganguli)
Section CVI < [Jayadratha-Vadha Parva]
Section CXXXIII < [Jayadratha-Vadha Parva]
Section 19 < [Stri-vilapa-parva]
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Part 2: Story of Prasannacandra < [Chapter IX - Stories of the ploughman]
Part 4: War between Kṛṣṇa and Jarāsandha < [Chapter VII - Marriages of Śāmba and Pradyumna]
Puranic encyclopaedia (by Vettam Mani)
The Padma Purana (by N.A. Deshpande)
Chapter 70 - Devāntaka, Durdharṣa & Durmukha Slain < [Section 1 - Sṛṣṭi-khaṇḍa (section on creation)]
Chapter 6 - Birth of Devas, Daityas, Birds and Serpents etc. < [Section 1 - Sṛṣṭi-khaṇḍa (section on creation)]
Matangalila and Hastyayurveda (study) (by Chandrima Das)
Elephants as chronogram < [Chapter 2]