Campa, Campā, Caṃpā, Cāṃpa: 34 definitions
Introduction:
Campa means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology, Tamil. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
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In Hinduism
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)
Source: Wisdom Library: Bhagavata PuranaCampa (चम्प):—Son of Harita (son of Rohita). He constructed the town of Campāpurī. He had a son named Sudeva. (see Bhāgavata Purāṇa 9,8,1)
Source: archive.org: Puranic Encyclopedia1) Campa (चम्प).—A king born in the Aṅga dynasty. (See CANDRAVAṂŚA).
2) Caṃpā (चंपा).—(CAṂPĀPURĪ). A city on the banks of river Gaṅgā, Caṃpā is often referred to in the Purāṇaś. It was here that Lomapāda lived in tretāyuga. (Mahābhārata Vana Parva, Chapter 113, Verse 15). In Dvāparayuga the city was ruled by a Sūta called Atiratha, who got Karṇa, while he and his wife were brooding over their lack of a child. In after years Karṇa also ruled the city. (Mahābhārata Śānti Parva, Chapter 5, Verse 7).
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index1a) Campa (चम्प).—A son of Harita; he built Campāpurā.*
- * Bhāgavata-purāṇa IX. 8. 1.
1b) The son of Pṛthulākṣa (Pṛthulāśva, Vāyu-purāṇa) Under him the ancient city Mālini became Campā; father of Haryanga through the grace of Pūrṇabhadra; lived for 60,000 years with the four varṇas.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 48-97; Vāyu-purāṇa 99. 105-7; Viṣṇu-purāṇa IV. 18. 20-21.
2a) Campā (चम्पा).—(River) sacred to Pitṛs.*
- * Matsya-purāṇa 22. 41.
2b) A name of Campāvatī;1 a Janapada.2
Source: JatLand: List of Mahabharata people and placesCampā (चम्पा) refers to the name of a Tīrtha (pilgrim’s destination) mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. II.82.142). Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Campā) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Ayurveda (science of life)
Source: Wisdom Library: Āyurveda and botanyCampa (चम्प) is another name (synonym) for Karbudāra, which is the Sanskrit word for Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree), a plant from the Cleomaceae family. This synonym was identified by Narahari in his 13th-century Rājanighaṇṭu (verse 13.99), which is an Ayurvedic medicinal thesaurus.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
In Buddhism
Theravada (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: Pali Kanon: Pali Proper Names1. Campa - A city in India on the river of the same name; it was the capital of Anga and was celebrated for its beautiful lake, the Gaggara pokkharani (q.v.), which was excavated by Queen Gaggara. On its banks was a grove of campaka trees, well known for the fragrance of their marvellous white flowers, and there, in the Buddhas time, wandering teachers were wont to lodge. The Buddha himself stayed thereon several occasions (Vin.i.312; S.i.195; A.iv.59, 168; v.151, 189). Sariputta (A.iv.59) and Vangisa (S.i.195) are also said to have stayed there. The Maha Parinibbana Sutta (D.ii.147) mentions Campa as one of the six important cities of India, its foundation being ascribed to Mahagovinda (D.ii.235). It lay at a distance of sixty yojanas from Mithila (J.iv.32). In the Buddhas time the people of Campa owed allegiance to Bimbisara, as king of Magadha, and Bimbisara had given a royal fief in Campa to the brahmin Sonadanda (D.i.111). Campa was evidently an important centre of trade, and we are told that merchants travelled from there to Suvannabhumi for purposes of trade (E.g., J.vi.539). Most probably it was the Indian colonists from Campa who named one of their most important settlements in Indo China after this famous old town. The ancient name of Campa was probably Malini or Malina.( Campasya tu puri Campa, ya Malinyabhavat pura; Mahābhārata xii.5, 6, 7; Matsyapurana 48, 97, etc.; Law, A.G.I.6, n.2).
The ninth chapter of the Maha Vagga of the Vinaya Pitaka (Vin.i.312ff; see also Vin.ii.307) contains several important regulations laid down by the Buddha at Campa regarding the validity and otherwise of formal acts of the Sangha.
Campa is mentioned as the birthplace of Sona Kolivisa, Jambugamika, Nandaka and Bharata, and among those who resided there were Bahuna, Vajjiyamahita and Thullananda and her companions.
The Sonadanda, the Dasuttara, the Kandaraka and the Karandava Suttas were preached there.
According to Buddhaghosa (MA.ii.565), Campa was so called because the whole place abounded in large Campaka trees.
Campa is generally identified with a site about twenty four miles to the east of the modern Bhagalpur, near the villages of Campanagara and Campapura (C.A.G.I.5). It was visited by Hiouen Thsang (Beal, Records ii.187f), and Fa Hien calls it a great kingdom with many places of worship (p.65).
The Buddhas bathing robe was enshrined in Campa (Bu.xxviii.9). See also Kala Campa, probably another name for Campa.
2. Campa, Campaka - One of the two chief women disciples of Kakusandha Buddha. Bu.xxiii.21; J.i.42.
3. Campa, Campaka - Birthplace of Paduma Buddha (Bu ix.16; J.i.36). Near by was the Campaka uyyana.
4. Campa - The river which flowed between Anga and Magadha (now called Chandan). The Naga Campeyya held sway over the river. J.iv.454f.
5.
Theravāda is a major branch of Buddhism having the the Pali canon (tipitaka) as their canonical literature, which includes the vinaya-pitaka (monastic rules), the sutta-pitaka (Buddhist sermons) and the abhidhamma-pitaka (philosophy and psychology).
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita SastraCampā (चम्पा), capital of Aṅga (Bengal), the location of which is probably marked today by the two villages, Campānagara and Campāpura, near Bhagalpur. The Buddha visited there several times.
Source: archive.org: Bulletin of the French School of the Far East (volume 5)Campā (चम्पा) (in Chinese: Tchan-po) refers to one of the fifty-five kingdoms enumerated in chapter 17 of the Candragarbha: the 55th section of the Mahāsaṃnipāta-sūtra, a large compilation of Sūtras (texts) in Mahāyāna Buddhism partly available in Sanskrit, Tibetan and Chinese.—In the Candragarbhasūtra, the Bhagavat invites all classes of Gods and Deities to protect the Law [dharma?] and the faithful in their respective districts.—In Campā, the following deities are appointed (among others): The Devaputra Gandhamegha [?]; the Devarṣis; thje Kinnara Kiu-tch'eou-tche; the Yakṣa Sthiraloma [?]; the Asura Kanaka; the Kumbhāṇḍa Sudarśana.
Campā (चम्पा) (in Chinese: Tchan-po) is the name of an ancient kingdom associated with Puṣya or Puṣyanakṣatra, as mentioned in chapter 18.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
General definition (in Buddhism)
Source: Wisdom Library: BuddhismCampā (चम्पा) is the name of an ancient city found by the son of Mahinda: an ancient king from the Solar dynasty (sūryavaṃśa) and a descendant of Mahāsaṃmata, according to the Mahābuddhavaṃsa or Maha Buddhavamsa (the great chronicle of Buddhas) Anudīpanī chapter 1, compiled by Ven. Mingun Sayadaw. Naradeva and his descendants in that city were seven. The last of these seven kings was named Mahinda. His son founded Campā and reigned. He and his descendants in that city were twelve.
In Jainism
General definition (in Jainism)
Source: archive.org: Sum Jaina Canonical Sutras (vividhatirthakalpa)Campā (चम्पा).—In Campāpurī was born Vāsupūjya, the twelfth Jina, who attained kevalajñāna and nirvāṇa. Also known as Campāpurī. Karakaṇḍu who was the ruler of this place installed the image of Pārśvanātha in the tank of Kuṇḍa. He afterwards attained perfection. Here Vīrasvāmi spent three nights during the rains in Priṣṭhicampā. Kūṇika, son of king Śreṇika, left Rājagṛha on the death of his father and made Campā his capital. Here reigned Karṇa.
Campā was the capital of the Aṅgas. In the 6th century B.C. it was a big town. Its ancient name was Mālinī. In the Mahābhārata it is described as the place of pilgrimage. According to the Jaina Campapakaśreṣṭhīkathā, Campā was in a very flourishing condition. The celebrated Chinese pilgrim Yuan Chwang calls it Chan-p’o. The city of CAmpā is situated at a short distance from modern Bhagalpur.
Source: archive.org: TrisastisalakapurusacaritraCampā (चम्पा) is the name of a city associated with Aṅgadeśa, which refers to one of the 25½ countries of the Kṣetrāryas, situated in the “middle world” (madhyaloka), according to chapter 2.3 [ajitanātha-caritra] of Hemacandra’s 11th century Triṣaṣṭiśalākāpuruṣacaritra: an ancient Sanskrit epic poem narrating the history and legends of sixty-three illustrious persons in Jainism.
Accordingly:—“In these 35 zones on this side of Mānuṣottara and in the Antaradvīpas, men arise by birth; [...]. From the division into Āryas and Mlecchas they are two-fold. The Āryas have sub-divisions [e.g., kṣetra (country)]. [...] The kṣetrāryas are born in the 15 Karmabhumis. Here in Bharata they have 25½ places of origin (e.g., Aṅgadeśa), distinguishable by cities (e.g., Campā) in which the birth of Tīrthakṛts, Cakrabhṛts, Kṛṣṇas, and Balas takes place”.
Campā described according to chapter 4.2:—“[...] there is a city named Campā like a campaka-wreath of the earth. Its people were characterized by having vaikriya-forms, as it were, from their reflections in the shrines whose walls were made of jewels. At every house the pleasure-pools were supplied with water by themselves by the steps paved with moonstones dripping with water at night. Many of its houses which had creepers of smoke from incense which was present appeared like houses of Pātāla with snakes. [...]”
Source: HereNow4u: Lord Śrī MahāvīraCampā (चम्पा) is the name of a village visited by Mahāvīra during his third year of spiritual-exertion.—After leaving the Brahmin village (Nandapāṭaka) the Lord came to Campā and there completed his third monsoon stay. At that time, the Lord observed a two month fast and observed different postures (āsanas) and meditation practices. His first two months fast breaking happened in Campā and the second two-month fast was broken outside Campā.
Campā was also visited by Mahāvīra during his twelfth year of spiritual-exertion and during his 13th year as Kevalī.
Source: academia.edu: Tessitori Collection ICaṃpā (चंपा) refers to one of the various Tīrthas (sacred places), according to the Tīrthāvalī by Samayasundara (dealing with Sacred places in Jain literature), which is included in the collection of manuscripts at the ‘Vincenzo Joppi’ library, collected by Luigi Pio Tessitori during his visit to Rajasthan between 1914 and 1919.—This garland of Jain sacred places praises [e.g., Caṃpā], [...]. Hence beside pan-Indian Jain sacred places, sites located in Rajasthan have a good place here.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geography
Source: archive.org: Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 1963Campā is one of the twenty canal-systems associated with Parakkamasamudda waters that existed in the Polonnaruva (Polonnaruwa) district of Ceylon (Sri Lanka).—The Pūjāvaliya gives the name Mahāsamudra to the Parakkamasamudda at Polonnaruva. The canal system associated with Parakkamasamudda is described and named in the Cūlavamsa as follows:—[...] Campā canal, from the sluice near the Caṇḍī Gate; [...].
Source: Ancient Buddhist Texts: Geography of Early Buddhism1) Campā (चम्पा) was the capital of Aṅga: one of the sixteen Mahājanapadas of the Majjhimadesa (Middle Country) of ancient India, as recorded in the Pāli Buddhist texts (detailing the geography of ancient India as it was known in to Early Buddhism).—Aṅga’s capital Campā was situated on the river (mod. Chāndan) of the same name (Jātaka 506) and the Ganges, 17 at a distance of 60 yojanas from Mithilā. The actual site of Campā, the ancient capital of Aṅga, is probably marked by two villages Campānagara and Campāpura that still exist near Bhagalpur. The ancient name of Campā was probably Mālinī or Mālina as stated in the Mahābhārata, the Purāṇas, and the Harivaṃśa.
In the Mahāgovinda Suttanta we find that Mahāgovinda built the city of Campā. One of the Jātakas tells us that from the Himalaya sages came to the city of Kāla-Campā in the kingdom of Aṅga to enjoy cooked food. At the time of the Buddha, Campā, according to the Dīgha Nikāya, was a big town and not a village, and the Master was requested by Ānanda to obtain Parinirvāṇa in one of the big cities, e.g. Campā, Rājagaha. Campā was once ruled by Asoka’s son, Mahinda, his sons and grandsons. It was at Campā that the Buddha prescribed the use of slippers by the Bhikkhus.
2) Campā (चम्पा) is also the name of a river situated in Majjhimadesa (Middle Country) of ancient India.—The river Campā formed the boundary between Aṅga and Magadha (cf. Campeyya Jātaka).
Source: OpenEdition books: Vividhatīrthakalpaḥ (History)Campā (चम्पा) is the name of an ancient locality, associated with a traditional pilgrimage route, as is mentioned in the Vividhatīrthakalpa by Jinaprabhasūri (13th century A.D.): an ancient text devoted to various Jaina holy places (tīrthas).
Source: Institut Français de Pondichéry: The Shaivite legends of KanchipuramCampa (சம்ப) (in Tamil) refers to Sāṃba in Sanskrit, and represents one of the proper nouns mentioned in the Kanchipuranam, which narrates the Shaivite Legends of Kanchipuram—an ancient and sacred district in Tamil Nadu (India). The Kanchipuranam (mentioning Campa) reminds us that Kanchipuram represents an important seat of Hinduism where Vaishnavism and Shaivism have co-existed since ancient times.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)
Source: Google Books: CRC World Dictionary (Regional names)1) Campa in Central and South America is the name of a plant defined with Brugmansia arborea in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Datura cornigera Hook. (among others).
2) Campa in India is also identified with Michelia champaca It has the synonym Sampacca velutina Kuntze (etc.).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Flore Forestière de la Cochinchine (1880)
· Flora Javae
· Species Plantarum (1753)
· Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, (1861)
· Systematisches Verzeichniss der im Indischen Archipel (1846)
· Nomenclator Botanicus. (1841)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Campa, for example diet and recipes, side effects, extract dosage, health benefits, chemical composition, pregnancy safety, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionary
Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionarycampā : (f.) name of a town in India; present Bhagalpore.
Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English DictionaryCampa, =campaka J. VI, 151. (Page 262)
— or —
Campā, (f.) N. of a town (Bhagulpore) & a river D. I, 111; DA. I, 279; J. IV, 454. (Page 262)
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionarycāmpa (चांप).—f C A spring or bound. v kara.
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cāmpā (चांपा) [or चापा, cāpā].—m (campaka S) A flower-tree or its flower, Michelia champaca. 2 A particular firework.
Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-Englishcāmpā (चांपा).—m A flower-tree or its flower. The lobe of the ear.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionaryCampa (चम्प).—[camp-ac] The Kovidāra tree.
-mpam The flower of this tree.
Derivable forms: campaḥ (चम्पः).
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Campā (चम्पा).—Name of an ancient city on the Ganges, capital of the Aṅgas and identified with the modern Bhagalapur.
See also (synonyms): campakāvatī, campāvatī.
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Campā (चम्पा).—f.
1) The capital of the country of Aṅga i. e. Bhagalapur.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English DictionaryCampa (चम्प).—m.
(-mpraḥ) Mountain ebony, (Bauhinia variegata.) f.
(-mpā) The capital of Karna, the modern Bhagalpur, or a place in its vicinity. E. capi to go &c. ac and ṭāp aff.
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Cāmpa (चाम्प).—n.
(-mpaṃ) Food, &c. E. cam to eat, ṇyat aff.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English DictionaryCampā (चम्पा).—f. The name of a town, [Rāmāyaṇa] 1, 17, 35.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English DictionaryCampa (चम्प).—[masculine] [Name] of the founder of campā [feminine] a town.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary1) Campa (चम्प):—m. Bauhinia variegata, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
2) Name of the founder of Campā (son of Pṛthulākṣa or of Harita), [Harivaṃśa 1699; Bhāgavata-purāṇa ix, 8, 1]
3) Campā (चम्पा):—[from campa] a f. Name of a town in Aṅga (the modern Bhāgalpur or a place in its vicinity; residence of Karṇa, [Mahābhārata xii, 134 ff.]; of Brahma-datta, [Buddhist literature]), [Mahābhārata etc.]
4) [from campa] b f. of pa q.v.
Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English DictionaryCampa (चम्प):—(mpaḥ) 1. m. Mountain ebony. f. The capital of Karna, Bāgulpur.
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)Campā (चम्पा) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Caṃpā.
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionary
Source: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionaryCaṃpā (चंपा) [Also spelled champa]:—(nm) the tree Michelia champaca and its pleasant fragrant light yellow or yellowish white flower; ~[kalī] buds of [caṃpā]; a necklace studded with stones resembling buds of the champa:.
...
Prakrit-English dictionary
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary1) Caṃpa (चंप) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Carca.
2) Caṃpa (चंप) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Āruh.
3) Caṃpā (चंपा) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Campā.
Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.
Kannada-English dictionary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpusCaṃpa (ಚಂಪ):—[noun] the tree Bauhinia variegata of Caesalpiniaceae family; variegated mountain ebony.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+150): Campaca, Campacampa, Campacampati, Campachu, Campacivan, Campadhipa, Campaga, Campai, Campaikkonkani, Campaka, Campakacaturdashi, Campakacchaye, Campakadesha, Campakagandha, Campakah, Campakakusuma, Campakalata, Campakalu, Campakam, Campakamala.
Ends with (+80): Anantancampa, Anna-tanacampa, Anumantaccampa, Aranaiccampa, Arikkancampa, Bhote-campa, Bhuicampa, Bhuimcampa, Bhuyicampa, Campacampa, Cannaccampa, Carappaliccampa, Cataiccampa, Cem-pavalacampa, Cemalaiccampa, Cencampa, Cinnaccampa, Cirakaccampa, Cirankaccampa, Ciru-palaicampa.
Full-text (+416): Sampa, Campapuri, Campavati, Campopalakshita, Campam, Campeya, Samba, Campashashthi, Campakosha, Ventayaccampa, Tankaccampa, Cukatacucampa, Puyancampa, Vllaiccampa, Kuntaiccampa, Campeyya, Parcampa, Manikkaccampa, Kicciliccampa, Campesha.
Relevant text
Search found 66 books and stories containing Campa, Campā, Caṃpā, Cāṃpa, Cāmpa, Cāmpā, Caṃpa, Samba, Chamba, Sampa; (plurals include: Campas, Campās, Caṃpās, Cāṃpas, Cāmpas, Cāmpās, Caṃpas, Sambas, Chambas, Sampas). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Historical Elements in the Matsya Purana (by Chaitali Kadia)
Lineages of Anu < [Chapter 6 - Human history in the Matsya-Purāṇa]
Ancient States in the Matsya Purāṇa < [Chapter 4 - Geographical history in the Matsya-Purāṇa]
Śrī Kṛṣṇa-vijaya (by Śrī Gunaraja Khan)
The Agni Purana (by N. Gangadharan)
Chapter 277 - The narration of the lineage of Aṅga (rājavaṃśa)
Trishashti Shalaka Purusha Caritra (by Helen M. Johnson)
Part 6: Founding of Campā < [Chapter XII - Omniscience and wandering of Mahāvīra]
Part 5: Sāla and Mahāsāla < [Chapter IX - Stories of the ploughman]
Part 7: War between Kūṇika and Ceṭaka < [Chapter XII - Omniscience and wandering of Mahāvīra]
Bhagavati-sutra (Viyaha-pannatti) (by K. C. Lalwani)
Introduction to book 5 < [Book 5]
Chapter 10 < [Book 5]
Part 1 - On sun-rise and sun-set < [Chapter 1]
Elephantology and its Ancient Sanskrit Sources (by Geetha N.)
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