Anubandha, Anubamdha: 24 definitions

Introduction:

Anubandha means something in Hinduism, Sanskrit, Buddhism, Pali, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Jainism, Prakrit. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.

In Hinduism

Natyashastra (theatrics and dramaturgy)

Source: Wisdom Library: Nāṭya-śāstra

1) Anubandha (अनुबन्ध, “continuity”) or “coherence” represents one of six “elements of diction” (aṅga). According to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 19, these six elements of diction are part of the ‘vocal representation’ (vācika), which is used in communicating the meaning of the drama and calling forth the sentiment (rasa). The term is used throughout nāṭyaśāstra literature.

Anubandha refers to the absence of separation between words (or not taking breath while uttering them). Anubandha can be used in the Heroic, the Furious and the Marvellous Sentiment.

2) Anubandha (अनुबन्ध) refers to one of the four kinds of karaṇa (production), ābiddha (breaking up) and vyañjana (indication), according to the Nāṭyaśāstra chapter 29. Karaṇa, Ābiddha and Vyañjana represents classes of dhātu (stroke), which relate to different aspects of strokes in playing stringed instruments (tata).

According to the Nāṭyaśāstra,

“the karaṇa-dhātus (e.g., anubandha) will consist respectively of three, five, seven and nine light strokes, and the being combined and all ending in a heavy stroke”.

“the ābiddha-dhātus (e.g., anubandha) will consist respectively of two, three, four and nine strokes made gradually and slowly, and a combination of these”.

“the vyañjana-dhātu named anubandha is one irregular combination (lit. breaking up and combination) of all these and it relates to all the dhātus”.

3) Anubandha (अनुबन्ध) refers to one of the six kinds of songs (dhrūva) according to the Nāṭyaśāstra 32.384:—“a dhruvā which is begun in a playlike (?) manner and which adopts a tempo meant for it, is called anubandha. In case of inferior characters and of any one dead, there should be anubandha with proper tempo”.

Source: archive.org: Natya Shastra

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध, “continuation”).—One or more Segment (sandhi) should be attached to the Episode (patākā). As these serve the purpose of the Principal Plot (ādhikārika) they are called Continuation (anubandha).

Natyashastra book cover
context information

Natyashastra (नाट्यशास्त्र, nāṭyaśāstra) refers to both the ancient Indian tradition (shastra) of performing arts, (natya—theatrics, drama, dance, music), as well as the name of a Sanskrit work dealing with these subjects. It also teaches the rules for composing Dramatic plays (nataka), construction and performance of Theater, and Poetic works (kavya).

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Vyakarana (Sanskrit grammar)

Source: archive.org: Uṇādi-Sūtras In The Sanskrit Grammatical Tradition

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध) is a letter that is attached to a stem (prakṛti), affix (pratyaya), augment (āgama) or a substitute (ādeśa) to indicate the occurrence of some special grammatical functions such as ‘vikaraṇa’, ‘āgama’, ‘guṇa’ or ‘vṛddhi’, ‘accent’ etc., but which, when the finished word (pada) is ready or formed, is no longer extant and is dropped in consonance with the designation ‘it’ given to it.

The Nyāyakośa says that an anubandha is the name given to a letter (or a group of letters) that is attached to prakṛti, pratyaya, etc. to indicate the occurrence of certain grammatical operations such as substitution by the guṇa or vṛddhi, their prevention, accentuation, etc. in the base to which they are applied, but is not allowed to form a part of the word or the expression when fully formed.

Source: Wikisource: A dictionary of Sanskrit grammar

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध).—A letter or letters added to a word before or after it, only to signify some specific purpose such as (a) the addition of an afix (e. g. क्त्रि, अथुच् अङ् (ktri, athuc aṅ) etc.) or (b) the substitution of गुण, वृद्धि (guṇa, vṛddhi) or संप्रसारण (saṃprasāraṇa) vowel or (c) sometimes their prevention. These anubandha letters are termed इत् (it) (lit. going or disappearing) by Pāṇini (cf. उपदेशेजनुनासिक इत् (upadeśejanunāsika it) etc. I.3.2 to 9), and they do not form an essential part of the word to which they are attached, the word in usage being always found without the इत् (it) letter. For technical purposes in grammar, however, such as आदित्व (āditva) or अन्तत्व (antatva) of affixes which are characterized by इत् (it) letters, they are looked upon as essential factors, cf. अनेकान्ता अनुबन्धाः, एकान्ताः (anekāntā anubandhāḥ, ekāntāḥ), etc, Par. Śek. Pari. 4 to 8. Although पाणिनि (pāṇini) has invariably used the term इत् (it) for अनुबन्ध (anubandha) letters in his Sūtras, Patañjali and other reputed writers on Pāṇini's grammar right on upto Nāgeśa of the 18th century have used the term अनुबन्ध (anubandha) of ancient grammarians in their writings in the place of इत् (it). The term अनुबन्ध (anubandha) was chosen for mute significatory letters by ancient grammarians probably on account of the analogy of the अनुबन्ध्य पशु (anubandhya paśu), tied down at sacrifices to the post and subsequently slaughtered.

Vyakarana book cover
context information

Vyakarana (व्याकरण, vyākaraṇa) refers to Sanskrit grammar and represents one of the six additional sciences (vedanga) to be studied along with the Vedas. Vyakarana concerns itself with the rules of Sanskrit grammar and linguistic analysis in order to establish the correct context of words and sentences.

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Ayurveda (science of life)

[«previous next»] — Anubandha in Ayurveda glossary
Source: gurumukhi.ru: Ayurveda glossary of terms

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध):—1. one of the synonym of life span 2. rececive or subordinate disease 3. continuity of result

Ayurveda book cover
context information

Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.

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Kavya (poetry)

[«previous next»] — Anubandha in Kavya glossary
Source: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions (kavya)

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध) refers to “continuous (accomplishments)”, according to Kālidāsa’s Raghuvaṃśa verse 1.64.—Accordingly: “Therefore when my Guru, who was born from Brahmā (brahmayoni), takes care of me in this way, how could my accomplishments not be continuous (anubandhasānubandhāḥ), free from calamities?”.

Kavya book cover
context information

Kavya (काव्य, kavya) refers to Sanskrit poetry, a popular ancient Indian tradition of literature. There have been many Sanskrit poets over the ages, hailing from ancient India and beyond. This topic includes mahakavya, or ‘epic poetry’ and natya, or ‘dramatic poetry’.

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Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)

[«previous next»] — Anubandha in Shaivism glossary
Source: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध) refers to “consequences”, according to the Jñānaratnāvalī, (p. 267).—Accordingly, “Next, the bhautikī-dīkṣā is twofold, and it is said [in the scriptures]: ‘In the same way the bhautikī-dīkṣā [is achieved] through ritual and union [and] is also of a superior and inferior kind. Rather, for the [still] deluded [souls] he should preserve the prārabdha karma, which has the purpose of keeping [the initiate] with his [current] body, after joining it with [the karma] to be cultivated for the practice of propitiating Śaiva mantras for supernatural powers. The other [karmas] together with their consequences (anubandhasānubandhaṃ) he should burn in the blazing initiation fire’. [...]”.

Shaivism book cover
context information

Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.

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India history and geography

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary

Anubandha.—(CII 1), same as krama, order. (SITI), help. Note: anubandha is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.

India history book cover
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The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.

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Languages of India and abroad

Pali-English dictionary

[«previous next»] — Anubandha in Pali glossary
Source: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary

anubandha : (m.) bond.

Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary

Anubandha, (anu + bandh) bondage M.III, 170; It.91. (Page 39)

Pali book cover
context information

Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.

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Marathi-English dictionary

[«previous next»] — Anubandha in Marathi glossary
Source: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary

anubandha (अनुबंध).—m (S) A fetter, clog, impediment, particularly the encumbrances and cares of a family. 2 An element of language, a root, an affix, an adjunct. 3 Appertainment, dependence, close connection or attachment: also an appendage or adjunct or close concomitant. 4 A secondary or symptomatic affection.

Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English

anubandha (अनुबंध).—m Appertainment, close con- comitant. Consequence, result.

context information

Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.

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Sanskrit dictionary

[«previous next»] — Anubandha in Sanskrit glossary
Source: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध).—1 Binding or fastening on, connection, attachment, tie (lit. & fig.); यस्यां मनश्चक्षुषोरनुबन्धस्तस्या- मृद्धिः (yasyāṃ manaścakṣuṣoranubandhastasyā- mṛddhiḥ) Mālatīmādhava (Bombay) 2; एतस्येदृशेन दर्शनेन कीदृशो मे हृदयानुबन्धः इति न जानासि (etasyedṛśena darśanena kīdṛśo me hṛdayānubandhaḥ iti na jānāsi) Uttararāmacarita 3 state of feeling; K.257.

2) Uninterrupted succession, unbroken sequence, continuous flow, continuity; series, chain; बाष्पं कुसु स्थिरतया विरतानुबन्धम् (bāṣpaṃ kusu sthiratayā viratānubandham) Ś.4. 15; मरण° (maraṇa°) K.236 following up death, desire for dying; अनुबन्धाद्विरमेद्वा (anubandhādviramedvā) K.28; यदा नात्याक्षीदेवानुबन्धम् (yadā nātyākṣīdevānubandham) 39 (persistence in) following me, 317; वैर°, मत्सर° (vaira°, matsara°), Daśakumāracarita 63,161; मुच्यतां देवि शोकानुबन्धः (mucyatāṃ devi śokānubandhaḥ) K.63 continuous sorrow; दुर्लभजन- प्रार्थना° (durlabhajana- prārthanā°) Ratnāvalī 1; विरम विरम वह्ने मुञ्च धूमानुबन्धम् (virama virama vahne muñca dhūmānubandham) 4.16; सानु- बन्धाः कथं न स्युः संपदो मे निरापदः (sānu- bandhāḥ kathaṃ na syuḥ saṃpado me nirāpadaḥ) R.1.64 continuous, uninterrupted; परिवृद्धरीगमनुबन्धसेवया (parivṛddharīgamanubandhasevayā) R.9.69 continuous enjoyment; अयं सोऽर्थोऽनर्थानुबन्धः संवृत्तः (ayaṃ so'rtho'narthānubandhaḥ saṃvṛttaḥ) V.5 giving rise to a chain of evils.

3) Descendants, posterity; सानुबन्धा हता ह्यसि (sānubandhā hatā hyasi) Rām. relation, भूमेः सुतां भूमिभृतोऽनुबन्धात् (bhūmeḥ sutāṃ bhūmibhṛto'nubandhāt) Viś. Guṇā.475.

4) Consequence, result (good or bad); आत्मदोषानुबन्धेन (ātmadoṣānubandhena) K.319 in consequence of; यदग्रे चानुबन्धे च सुखम् (yadagre cānubandhe ca sukham) Bhagavadgītā (Bombay) 18.39,25; अनुबन्धमजानन्तः कर्मणामविचक्षणाः (anubandhamajānantaḥ karmaṇāmavicakṣaṇāḥ) Rām. 3.51.26; नार्थानां प्रकृतिं वेत्सि नानुबन्धमवेक्षसे (nārthānāṃ prakṛtiṃ vetsi nānubandhamavekṣase) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 4.49.1.

5) Intention; design, motive, cause; अनुबन्धानपेक्षेत सानु- बन्धेषु कर्मसु (anubandhānapekṣeta sānu- bandheṣu karmasu) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 5.34.8. अनुबन्धं परिज्ञाय देशकालौ च तत्त्वतः । सारापराधौ चालोक्य दण्ड दण्डयेषु पातयेत् (anubandhaṃ parijñāya deśakālau ca tattvataḥ | sārāparādhau cālokya daṇḍa daṇḍayeṣu pātayet) Manusmṛti 8.126; पाप° (pāpa°) of evil designs.

6) An adjunct of a thing, a secondary member (mukhyānuyāyi, apradhānam); (ulkā) दृश्यते सानुबन्धा च (dṛśyate sānubandhā ca) Rām.5.1.63. a secondary symptom, symptomatic affection, attendant on the principal disease (vātapittādi- doṣāṇāmaprādhānyam); मूर्छानुबन्धा विषमज्वराः (mūrchānubandhā viṣamajvarāḥ) Suśr.

7) Connecting link or adjunct of a subject or topic; theme, matter of discussion; introductory reasons; (viṣayaprayojanādhikāri- saṃbandhaḥ anubandhaḥ) (an indispensable element of the Vedānta).

8) (Gram.) An indicatory syllable or letter intended to denote some peculiarity in the inflection, accent &c. of the word to which it is attached; as the लृ (lṛ) in गम्लृ, ण् (gamlṛ, ṇ) in इण् (iṇ); रिपुराप पराभवाय मध्यं प्रकृति- प्रत्यययोरिवानुबन्धः (ripurāpa parābhavāya madhyaṃ prakṛti- pratyayayorivānubandhaḥ) Kirātārjunīya 13.19.

9) Offence, fault.

1) An obstacle, impediment; also the clog or encumbrance of a family; domestic ties or attachment.

11) A child or pupil who follows the example set by his parent or teacher (mukhyānuyāyī śiśuḥ).

12) Beginning, commencement.

13) Repeated application or devotion (paunaḥpunyena abhiniveśaḥ).

14) Course, pursuit.

15) A small bit or part, a trifle.

16) The junction of a fraction (with an integer), as भागानुबन्धपूर्णाङ्कः (bhāgānubandhapūrṇāṅkaḥ).

17) Base, stem (prakṛti). cf. अनुबन्धः प्रकृत्यादौ दोषोत्पादे विनश्वरे । मुख्यानुयायिनि शिशौ प्रकृतस्यानुवर्तने । अनुबन्धेऽपि हिक्कायां भ्रष्टायामपि कथ्यते (anubandhaḥ prakṛtyādau doṣotpāde vinaśvare | mukhyānuyāyini śiśau prakṛtasyānuvartane | anubandhe'pi hikkāyāṃ bhraṣṭāyāmapi kathyate) | Nm.

-dhī [anubadhyate atiśvāsena vyāpriyate anayā]

1) Thirst.

2) Hickup. अनुबन्धी तु हिक्कायां तृष्णायामपि योषिति (anubandhī tu hikkāyāṃ tṛṣṇāyāmapi yoṣiti)-Medinī.

Derivable forms: anubandhaḥ (अनुबन्धः).

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध).—m.

(-ndhaḥ) 1. The inseparable adjunct or sign of any thing, the indication of guilt, symtom of disease, &c. 2. An element of language, root, affix, &c. 3. An indicatory letter not sounded or dropped in composition, but marking some peculiarity in inflecting the word to which it is attached; for instance, an indicatory i, denotes that verbs require the insertion of a nasal before their final consonant. 4. A child or pupil, who imitates an example set by the parent or preceptor. 5. A child or infant in general. 6. Commencement, beginning. 7. Binding, confining. 8. Any thing small or little, a part, a small part. 9. The connexion between the agent and the cause or motive. 10. Circumstance, case. 11. The junction of fractions. 12. A secondary or symtomatic affection, one supervening on the principal disease. f. (ndhā) 1. Hickup. 2. Thirst. E. anu after, and bandha to bind or confine, with ghañ affix; and in the fem. ṅīṣ.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध).—[anu-bandh + a], m. 1. Beginning, [Daśakumāracarita] in Chr. 195, 5. 2. A motive, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 8, 126. 3. An indispensable element, [Vedāntasāra, (in my Chrestomathy.)] in Chr. 202, 8. 4. Uninterrupted succession, [Rāmāyaṇa] 5, 3, 13. 5. Consequence. 6. Posterity, [Rāmāyaṇa] 2. 7, 28.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध).—[masculine] binding, attachment, connexion; (also na [neuter]); continuance, uninterrupted series; consequence, result; cause, motive, intention; appendage, [especially] indicatory letter ([grammar]); indispensable element (ph.).

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary

1) Anubandha (अनुबन्ध):—[=anu-bandha] [from anu-bandh] m. binding, connection, attachment

2) [v.s. ...] encumbrance

3) [v.s. ...] clog

4) [v.s. ...] uninterrupted succession

5) [v.s. ...] sequence, consequence, result

6) [v.s. ...] intention, design

7) [v.s. ...] motive, cause

8) [v.s. ...] obstacle

9) [v.s. ...] inseparable adjunct or sign of anything, secondary or symptomatic affection (supervening on the principal disease)

10) [v.s. ...] an indicatory letter or syllable attached to roots, etc. (marking some peculiarity in their inflection; e.g. an i attached to roots, denotes the insertion of a nasal before their final consonant)

11) [v.s. ...] a child or pupil who imitates an example set by a parent or preceptor

12) [v.s. ...] commencement, beginning

13) [v.s. ...] anything small or little, a part, a small part

14) [v.s. ...] (in [arithmetic]) the junction of fractions

15) [v.s. ...] (in [philosophy]) an indispensable element of the Vedānta

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Goldstücker Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध):—[tatpurusha compound] I. m.

(-ndhaḥ) 1) Binding, confining.

2) Connexion, association, attachment; close relation; e. g. pūrvābhyastasmṛtyanubandhaḥ ‘connexion with the memory of things previously acquired’. nīvārādiṣu codanānubandhaḥ ‘the injunction relates to or concerns wild rice &c. (not vrīhi).

3) An uninterrupted series, e. g. vairānubandhaḥ a series of hostilities or heroic deeds.

4) Consequence, result, e. g. pūrvakṛtaphalānubandhāttadutpattiḥ ‘it (the body) is produced in consequence of the fruits of its former deeds’.

5) Cause esp. of a crime &c., e. g. anubandhaṃ parijñāya…daṇḍaṃ pātayet let (the king) having ascertained the cause (comm.: of the offence) inflict punishment; or of an untoward event &c., e. g. virātre cāgataṃ kasmātkonubandhaśca tebhavat ‘why hast thou come so late in the night and what was the cause (comm.: of the delay)?’

6) Commencement, beginning.

7) A child (this meaning seems doubtful, at least as regards its etymol. interpretation; acc. to some it would be qualified as mukhyānuyāyin ‘following the chief i. e. the father &c. at the marriage ceremony &c.; the instance given however would not seem to countenance the meaning viz. bālakānubandhena yātrābhaṅgo mā bhūt ‘let the festival not be disturbed by the incumbrance of children’; accord. to others the meaning ‘child’ would imply the tie of affection).

8) (In the system of the native grammarians.) An indicatory letter which is annexed to radicals (dhātu), nominal bases (prātipadika), affixes (pratyaya), particles (nipāta), inserted letters (āgama) and substitutes (ādeśa), to mark some peculiarity in the accent, inflection or derivation; for instance an indicatory i denotes that verbs require the insertion of a nasal before their final consonant; the anubandha may be a vowel (in this case it is anunāsika q. v. in the system of Pāṇini) or a consonant. Being a mere technical element it cannot occur in real language. Instances of anubandhas may be gathered from the etymologies in this Dictionary. See also it.

9) Any thing small or little, a part, a small part.

10) (In Medicine.) A secondary or symptomatic affection, one supervening on the principal disease.

11) (In Arithmetic.) Junction or union; see bhāgānubandha.

12) (In the Vedānta philosophy.) An indispensable element of the study of the Vedānta; it consists of [a.]) the adhikārin or the competent person, one who is well versed in the vaidik writings, observes the ceremonies &c., is purified in his heart &c.; [b.]) the viṣaya or the object-matter viz. the identity of the individual soul and Brahman (neuter); [c.]) the saṃbandha or the relation viz. between that identity to be proved and the authoritative evidence contained in the Upanishads, and [d.]) the prayojana or the purpose viz. the cessation of ignorance and attainment of eternal bliss. Ii. f.

(-ndhī) 1) Hickup.

2) Thirst. E. bandh with anu, kṛt aff. ghañ, in the fem. with ṅīṣ.

Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध):—[anu-bandha] (ndhaḥ) 1. m. A characteristic letter affixed to a verb.

Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)

Anubandha (अनुबन्ध) in the Sanskrit language is related to the Prakrit word: Aṇubaṃdha.

[Sanskrit to German]

Anubandha in German

context information

Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.

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Prakrit-English dictionary

[«previous next»] — Anubandha in Prakrit glossary
Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary

1) Aṇubaṃdha (अणुबंध) in the Prakrit language is related to the Sanskrit word: Anubandha.

2) Aṇubaṃdha (अणुबंध) also relates to the Sanskrit word: Anubandha.

context information

Prakrit is an ancient language closely associated with both Pali and Sanskrit. Jain literature is often composed in this language or sub-dialects, such as the Agamas and their commentaries which are written in Ardhamagadhi and Maharashtri Prakrit. The earliest extant texts can be dated to as early as the 4th century BCE although core portions might be older.

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Kannada-English dictionary

[«previous next»] — Anubandha in Kannada glossary
Source: Alar: Kannada-English corpus

Anubaṃdha (ಅನುಬಂಧ):—

1) [noun] connection; attachment.

2) [noun] relation consequent to attachment.

3) [noun] friendly feeling or attitude; friendliness.

4) [noun] a person subordinate to a principal person.

5) [noun] the act or time of commencing; start; a beginning; commencement.

6) [noun] the act of persevering; continued, patient effort; perseverance.

7) [noun] additional or supplementary material at the end of a book or other writing; an appendix.

8) [noun] (math.) an adding of two or more numbers to get a number called the sum; addition.

context information

Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.

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